Wider ratios appear to be tolerated if the minimum requirements for each mineral element are met and if adequate vitamin D (exposure to sunlight) is available. Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. The copper in beef liver may help you avoid certain conditions including cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. It's packed with protein, and micronutrients including vitamin B12, vitamin A, riboflavin, copper, and iron. Most natural protein supplements are fairly good sources of phosphorus. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Terms and conditions - It includes the hoof and lowermost portion of calf or lamb legs; goat feet may also be used. Learn if your operation is affected and what you need to do to comply. Cereal hays and silages and such crop residues are relatively low in calcium. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND): Vitamin B-12 review. In Indonesian cuisine, cow's trotters is considered as a delicacy. Different communities around the world eat this visually striking cut of meat in different ways. But beef liver is now enjoying a moment of popularity as it has become a favorite among those who follow a paleo diet, low carb diets, or carnivore diets. For the interrelationships of vitamin E and selenium in reproduction and in the etiology of various myopathies and the predisposition of a relative thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, see Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs Young Boer goat kid with white muscle disease. A blood sample from affected cows would show a serum magnesium level of <2 mg/dL, with a corresponding calcium deficiency. To learn more about beef cattle feed management, have a look at Penn State Extensions Feed Efficiency workshop. Giant otters eat mainly fishes and crabs. Malia Frey is a weight loss expert, certified health coach, weight management specialist, personal trainer, and fitness nutrition specialist. Protein Intake How Much Protein Should You Eat per Day? Bone Broth Health Benefits Calories from fat 15. Furthermore, as forage plants mature, their phosphorus content declines, making mature and weathered forages a poor source. Certain nutrients are required by beef cattle in the daily ration, whereas others can be stored in the body. We avoid using tertiary references. Grain-fed beef is meat from cows that have been fed (mostly) corn and other grains. A sea otter's diet consists mainly . Feeding stored feeds in winter months is a major cost of beef cow-calf and backgrounding operations. The organ meat is often described as having an intense, iron taste. Among the most essential components of beef production are proper nutrition and feed management. British Journal of Nutrition: Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Combination with Resistance Training Improves Body Composition and increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Sarcopenic Men. In a six-month study, 200 patients diagnosed with joint pain were given either collagen hydrolysate or a placebo. Good sources of supplemental phosphorus include steamed bone meal, mono- and dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated rock phosphate, and phosphoric acid. A 5-ounce (140-gram) serving of cooked beef tripe provides: Tripe is also a good source of manganese and niacin (vitamin B3). The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Feeding and Nutritional Management of Beef Cattle, Last review/revision Oct 2014 | Modified Oct 2022. We have individual and family accounts. Preweaned calf nutrition depends heavily on the dam and the pastures. Beef liver is a nutrient dense food that is also high in protein and low in calories. According to some studies, grass-fed butter may have a better fat profile and texture than regular butter. Resources for certified feed management planners who are preparing feed management plans for beef herds. (2020). Exercise. The cow's trotters does not contain any muscles or meat; other than bones and toe hoof, it mainly consists of skin, tendons and cartilage. Learn from leading experts on the latest in beef cattle nutrition, including supplement requirements and regulations, transition diets, processing corn, and more! Nathan G. Briggs, Dr. Ronald P. Lemenager. Learn more about cattle nutrition, as well as how to manage beef cattle feeds with Penn State Extensions articles, workshops, conferences, and online courses. It can also interfere with medications. Have you ever asked yourself, "How much weight can I lose in a month?" Vitamin K and the B vitamins are synthesized in sufficient amounts by the ruminal microflora, and vitamin C is synthesized in the tissues of all cattle. While people have consumed them since ancient times, the popularity of premodern eating patterns like the paleo diet has brought renewed interest in organ meats. Feeding your cattle a healthy, balanced diet and providing abundant supplies of clean water is crucial for herd health and productivity. The goat read more ), characterized by degeneration and necrosis of skeletal and heart muscles, is the result of a selenium deficiency. All rights reserved. Because feeds themselves contain water, and the metabolism of ingested feeds releases water (called metabolic water), not all of the animals water needs have to be met by drinking water. Learn how cover crops can be used to prevent soil erosion and increase soil health, along with how producers can achieve maximum returns from cover cropping. Nevertheless, it is sound management to provide a free-choice salt mineral mixture tailored to the environment and production class of the grazing cattle. During this period, nutritional needs are dependent on factors such as lactation, reproductive state, and colostrum production. Blesso CN, et al. Overall, whether producers raise beef as grass-fed or grain-fed, the animals still spend the majority of their life grazing on pastures and their meat is an excellent nutritional source. The daily requirements for beef cattle appear to be ~5 mg of carotene or 2,000 IU of vitamin A/100 lb (45 kg) body wt; lactating cows may require twice this amount to maintain high vitamin levels in the milk. Vitamin A deficiency under feedlot conditions can cause considerable loss to cattle feeders, especially if high-concentrate and corn silage rations low in carotene have been fed. A healthy kitchen depends on your knowledge of how to safely cook and store your food. The popularity of the crop . In some cases, other names have been applied to the tripe of other animals. While it has a strong taste that can be hard for some to tolerate, this food can make a nutrient-rich addition to your diet. One of the best things about the low-carb way of eating is all the delicious foods you can eat. View other nutritional values (such as Carbs or Fats) using the filter below: Calories | Total Carbs | Total Fats | Protein | Sodium | Cholesterol | Vitamins view more results for beef There does not appear to be any advantage to feeding more phosphorus than is recommended. - LeGourmetTV, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cow%27s_trotters&oldid=1096015226, This page was last edited on 1 July 2022, at 19:07. Mean Nutrient Content of Feeds Commonly Used in Beef Cattle Diets, Nutrient Requirements of Growing Beef Bulls, Requirements and Maximum Tolerable Levels of Minerals for Beef Cattle, Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Cattle and Sheep, Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs. Find calories, carbs, and nutritional contents for Beef trotters and over 2,000,000 other foods at MyFitnessPal. (43.1 L) per day. Tripe is a tough-textured meat that is usually precooked before being sold to consumers. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Vet Manual outside of North America. Required Items for a Completed Feed Management Plan. These claims are based on studies of the health benefits of dietary collagen: Collagen is a major component of our skin. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Phosphorus may be deficient in some beef cattle rations, because roughages often are low in phosphorus. One study showed that 14%15% of cows with free-choice access to mineral in block or loose form consumed zero mineral. Animals are uncoordinated and walk with a stiff gait. A 900-lb (409-kg) lactating cow at the 4.4C temperature will consume 11.4 gal. USDA FoodKeeper App. If you take a multivitamin, you may even consume more copper. Mainly for flavour but not bad for selenium and vitamin B6 Select cooking method: Cooking method set to: Raw Select portion-size: UPDATE SIZE Portion size set to: 450 g High protein and carbohydrate contents with a relatively low fat content and a complementary amino acid pattern to that of cereal grains make cowpea an important nutritional food in the human diet. The amount of crude protein (% N 6.25) supplied by NPN must be stated on the feed tag accompanying commercial supplements. As you can tell, an animals diet has a major impact on the quality and overall health of its hooves. "On a good day we sell between 30 to 100 cow trotters, with each ranging from $2 to $2.50, depending on the size," he says. Articles Beef Cattle Spacing Requirements By Tara L. Felix, Nathan G. Briggs Overcrowding can have negative effects on animal performance and efficiency. Nutrition Facts Calories 197 (824 kJ) Total Fat 13.6 g 21% Saturated Fat 3.7 g 18% Trans Fat 0 g . For example, the protein of common grains and most protein supplements is ~75%85% digestible, that of alfalfa hay ~70%, and that of grass hays usually 35%50%. Tripe refers to the edible muscle walls of the stomachs of these animals. Most roughages are relatively good sources of calcium. Heat released during digestion and assimilationcalled heat incrementcontributes to the maintenance of body temperature for wintering stock. A grain-based diet can be a cheaper alternative to hay that supplies the herd with sufficient nutrition. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Read our, A Guide to Healthy Foods That Are Rich in Iron, The Best Vegan Multivitamins & Supplements of 2023, The 9 Best Supplements for Women, According to a Dietitian, The 6 Best Multivitamins for Women Over 50 of 2023, The 7 Best Folate Supplements of 2023, According to a Dietitian, 5 Potential Benefits (And Some Risks) of Dietary Supplements, 8 Reasons You May Need a Dietary Supplement, According to an Expert, The 10 Best B12 Supplements for Vegans and Vegetarians for 2023, The 6 Best Multivitamins for Women of 2023, The Best Supplements for Men, According to a Dietitian, The 8 Best Multivitamins of 2023, According to a Dietitian, The 12 Best Supplements, According to a Dietitian, Expert Wellness Picks and Advice to Your Inbox, Beef, variety meats and by-products, liver, raw, Alpha-gal allergy after a tick bite in Austria, Toxocariasis and ingestion of raw cow liver in patients with eosinophilia. An animal will expire more quickly from a water deficiency than from a deficiency of any nutrient. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Signs of a salt deficiency are rather nonspecific and include pica and reduced feed intake, growth, and milk production. Cow's trotters are the feet of cattle. Typically, coastal regions subjected to iodine-carrying winds off the ocean have abundant supplies of iodine; however, in inland soils (in the USA, especially between the Allegheny and Rocky mountains), the soil generally does not have sufficient iodine to meet most livestock needs. Offal, Mainly for flavour but not bad for selenium and vitamin B6, Portion size set to: Protein is incredibly important for your health, weight loss, and body composition. Sausalami. The micronutrients on offer are a benefit of cow heels often overlooked. It only takes 30 seconds :), Enter your email address for FREE access to the worlds most accurate personalised nutritional platform, Check Your Food Ltd. Magnesium maintains electrical potentials across nerve endings. There is no fiber or naturally-occurring sugar in beef liver, according to USDA data. Thus, beef cattle producers are uniquely positioned to use new and changing feed ingredients. ( See table: Mean Nutrient Content of Feeds Commonly Used in Beef Cattle Diets a Mean Nutrient Content of Feeds Commonly Used in Beef Cattle Diets a through Nutrient Requirements of Growing Beef Bulls a Nutrient Requirements of Growing Beef Bulls a .). (2016). CropCents is a mobile app that calculates actual costs to produce home raised feeds for crop, dairy, and beef producers. Poor gut health can negatively affect overall cattle health status and performance. Here are some basic rules to evaluate the feed requirements of beef cows during the winter. Toxicity is not a serious problem when urea is fed at recommended levels and mixed thoroughly with the other ingredients of the ration. To see the nutrition information personalised to you we need to take a few details. You can work trotter into your diet as an excellent source of collagen., Collagen may help increase muscle mass and strength for the elderly. (23 L) per day; at 21C (70F), this will increase to 9.2 gal. According to Hazelann Williams, a food reporter in London, cow heels are making a huge comeback as part of the nose to toes food movement which promotes eating the entire animal and leaving no wastage. Oat milk can be part of a healthy diet but assuring that your child gets enough protein is necessary. Tripe must be properly cleaned before cooking. The estimated glycemic load of a single serving of beef liver is 3. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. 2008;46(3):139-143. doi:10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.139. Wien Klin Wochenschr. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Mediterranean, Low-Fat Diets Are Best for Heart Problems, Least Amount of Exercise You Need to Stay Healthy, Nerve 'Pulse' Therapy May Help Ease Sciatica, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Protein-rich diets for weight loss maintenance. There is also limited evidence that getting more copper in the diet or from supplements may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. One of the most dramatic factors is menopause, which can cause women to lose up to 30% of their collagen production capacity. Combine tripe with onions, butter, and fresh herbs and serve on crusty bread. Adding a protein source like tripe to meals and snacks can help reduce hunger and overeating. Store in airtight plastic wrap. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. o [ canine influenza] Adding protein-rich foods to your diet can help with losing excess body fat or maintaining a moderate weight. This slaughter byproduct is also a common ingredient in pet foods. . There are some adverse effects associated with excessive consumption of certain vitamins and minerals. The workshop covers a variety of topics, such as identifying animals that can efficiently convert feed into marketable products. Attempts have been made to correct natural soil deficiencies for trace minerals by soil fertilization practices. Whats more, its an affordable food that supports sustainable food practices. In order to soften the texture, moist cooking methods like boiling or stewing are recommended. However, sometimes it can be difficult to know what questions to ask when you are getting started. There is some evidence that people with higher levels of copper in the body have a lower risk of Alzheimer's. This article takes a detailed look at liver and why you should include it in your, High-protein diets can help you lose weight and improve your overall health. However, normally deficiencies are not anticipated. However, like all deep-fried foods, fried tripe should be eaten sparingly. Our bodies naturally produce collagen, but certain factors can cause the production of collagen to deteriorate. Allen LH, et al. Choosing to eat organ meats and other slaughter byproducts like tripe promotes a less wasteful way of consuming animals. But more research is needed to confirm these associations. High doses of iron can cause upset stomach,constipation,nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fainting, and other problems. Tripe is rich in protein and nutrients like: This means it can benefit your body in the following ways: Your body needs protein for vital processes, such as: Tripe is a complete source of protein, meaning it contains all nine essential amino acids your body needs to function. Vitamin A is important for regulating cell growth and differentiation in the body. Extending the grazing season by grazing corn crop residue may be an economically viable option for beef producers in Pennsylvania. Three types of nutritional management systems are typically used in dairy production - total mixed rations, component-fed rations, and pasture-based systems. About. There are very few carbohydrates in beef liver with a single 4-ounce serving providing just 4.4g of carbs. A general approach to prevent such deficiencies is to feed a commercial salt mineral mix developed for the geographic location of the herd. Beef cattle production, whether on range, improved pasture, or in the feedlot, is most economic when feedstuffs are used effectively. Unprocessed tripe available from some butchers or farms is said to have a stronger flavor and must be cleaned carefully before cooking. If you havent tried it before and youre looking to expand your palate and save money, give tripe a try. It is the amount of energy intake deposited as muscle and/or fat in animals gaining weight. Copper functions as an essential component of many enzyme systems, including those that involve the production of blood components. Because most grains are relatively good sources of phosphorus, feedlot cattle rarely suffer a phosphorus deficiency, although phytic acid chelation of phosphorus in grains may render up to one-half of it unavailableespecially for monogastric animals such as swine and poultry. Many prefer to cook beef liver until it is pink on the inside. Kenias Nyamasvisva, who also sells cow trotters at the market, says the cash shortages in Zimbabwe have driven down the number of people who come to buy trotters. The patient can move its legs normally but is too weak to stand. Toxic Plants A-Z . If cows are consuming any other feed, the salt and mineral should be mixed with the ration so all cattle will ingest the prescribed amount of mineral. (15.1 L). As a result, it may provide a number of potential health benefits, such as supporting the immune and nervous . Ayana Habtemariam, MSW, RDN, LDN, is a registered dietitian, nutrition therapist, certified intuitive eating counselor, and macro social worker. An alternative way to supply supplemental vitamin A is by IM injection: studies show that an extremely high dose (6 million U) would be needed to supply adequate vitamin A for 7 mo. A serving of beef liver contains 11mg of copper. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, introducing citations to additional sources, "Sole food: the eating of feet. Restricted pre-calving nutrition can directly impact colostrum production. Organ meats are a concentrated source of nutrients and are included in the traditional cuisines of many cultures around the world. Cedars Sinai: Collage For Your Skin Healthy or Hype? For more details, see our Privacy Policy. CK and AST concentrations were elevated on serum biochemical evaluation. In general, a one-tablespoon serving contains about 8% of the recommended daily intake (RDI) of vitamin A, 2% of vitamin E, and 1% of . Especially in cold weather, roughages of varying quality may have similar maintenance energy values. The remaining 2% is distributed in extracellular fluids and soft tissues and is involved in such vital functions as blood clotting, membrane permeability, muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac regulation, secretion of certain hormones, and activation and stabilization of certain enzymes. Consequently, many preparations involve long cooking processes over low heat. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Other signs of a selenium deficiency include unthriftiness, weight loss, reduced immune response, and decreased reproductive performance. Tripe is an excellent and generally inexpensive source of lean protein. Whats more, some say that raw tripe has a distinct smell, which may not sit well with some people. Vitamin D deficiency is comparatively rare in beef cattle, because they are usually outside in direct sunlight or fed sun-cured roughage. At least one research study has associated the consumption of raw beef liver with a condition called toxocariasis in patients who have eosinophilia (a white blood cell disorder). However, if rumen function is impaired, as by starvation, nutrient deficiencies, or excessive levels of antimicrobials, synthesis of these vitamins may be impaired. At the same 4.4C temperature, a 400-lb (182-kg) heifer will consume ~4 gal. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6297555/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6822923/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7601774/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5946211/, ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8308358/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5358348/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8761138/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8208231/, fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1098665/nutrients, pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/FO/C5FO01530H, A High-Protein Diet Plan to Lose Weight and Improve Health, Meat Safety: Storing and Handling Meat, Poultry, and Fish. Therefore, providing supplemental vitamin A to beef cattle should be considered. Selenium is a mineral that acts as a powerful antioxidant in your body. A potassium deficiency might be anticipated when diets extremely high in grain are fed (eg, in finishing cattle), because grains may contain <0.5% potassium. Check Your Food Ltd. It provides 59.3mcg of vitamin B12 or 988% of your recommended daily intake. So yes, a steaming bowl of cows heels is certainly good for you! Our privacy policy explains how we use your data and cookies. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Privacy Policy - Multiflora rose can be controlled but it takes considerable effort. Ingredients 2 calves feet, cut into pieces (or 8 lamb feet) 2 large onions, chopped 1 large onion, sliced o [pig guinea] But if you also take a supplement or multivitamin that contains iron, you may get too muchdepending on how much the supplement contains. The USDA recommends that you cook all organ and variety meats (including liver) to 160 F. Maxfield L, et al. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Ankar A, et al. The energy required for growth and reproduction is called the net energy for production, or NEg. Cow feet are often overlooked as a source of nutrients, but they can actually be quite healthy. . Health benefits of bone marrow Though no studies directly evaluate the effects of consuming bone marrow,. Malia Frey is a weight loss expert, certified health coach, weight management specialist, personal trainer, and fitness nutrition specialist. Even though cooking and seasoning should make this organ meat tastier, some people especially those with aversions to chewy, textured foods may not be a fan. Tim Beck, Virginia A. Ishler, Robert C. Goodling, Jr. Justin Brackenrich, Nicole Santangelo Thompson, David Hartman, Jessica A. Williamson, Ph.D. Tara L. Felix, Jessica A. Williamson, Ph.D. Justin Brackenrich, David Hartman, Sjoerd Willem Duiker, Ph.D., CCA. It is worth knowing that beef produced for the grass-fed market, may also come from animals raised in a pasture setting but finished on a grain-based diet. My recipes - Milk's reduced and nonfat versions provide lean protein, and all cow's milk is an excellent source of the essential mineral calcium. (34.8 L). The soup is popular in Indonesia, especially in Betawi cuisine. Ghee Nutrition Facts . A 900-lb (409-kg) lactating cow at the 4.4C temperature will consume 11.4 gal. Hi! Iron is used in the body to make hemoglobin and myoglobin key proteins found in red blood cells that are necessary for oxygen transport. Please enter your email address below to create account. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. The following nutrition information is provided by the USDAfor 4 ounces (113g) of raw beef liver. Trotters have an abundance of tough connective tissue and thick skin. The main ingredients of the dish are the trotters (or hoof) of a cow, goat, buffalo or sheep; cooked with various spices and herbs. Add a recipe - In general, good cattle diets are developed by nutritionists and contain protein, fiber, vitamins, and cereal grains. Effect of increasing the dietary protein content of breakfast on subjective appetite, short-term food intake and diet-induced thermogenesis in children. A 5-ounce (140-gram) serving of cooked beef tripe delivers: 64 percent of the Daily Value (DV) of vitamin B12 33 percent of the DV of selenium 19 percent of the DV of zinc Vitamin B12 is essential. In times when hay is expensive, alternative feeds may be used to supply energy and protein to the cow herd. There are many benefits to hiring a good nutritionist for your beef cattle operation. Dietary cholesterol is not harmful as was previously believed. All rights reserved. It has a chewy texture and a mild taste, taking on the flavor of other ingredients its cooked with. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Is there protein in cow foot? Fact Sheet for Consumers. Such feedstuffs should be supplemented if used for any other purposes. A cows basic nutritional needs include protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Therefore, in calculating total energy needs, the net energy for maintenance, or NEm, must be considered. Proper beef cattle nutrition prior to and after calving can be challenging to maintain. This article reviews the healthiest ways to cook meat. Since 2005, a community of over 200 million members have used MyFitnessPal to answer those questions and more. Excessive copper consumption can also cause problems if it happens on a regular basis. Carson JAS, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Research details on Trotter horse feed. Pig's Trotters Vinegar. A marginal to deficient level of potassium in growing and finishing cattle results in decreased feed intake and rate of gain. By Malia Frey, M.A., ACE-CHC, CPT Additionally, seasoning with spices and fresh herbs is recommended to enhance the bland flavor of tripe. Cow trotter stew, for example, is rich in magnesium and zinc, which can help boost your immune system against illness. However, it may be difficult to determine when body stores have been depleted until advanced signs of deficiency start to appear. Liver is a nutritional powerhouse worthy of the term "superfood." There is some evidence that increased consumption of vitamin A in certain populations may help reduce the risk of lung cancer and prostate cancer. The protein of low-quality feeds, such as weathered grass hay, range grass, or cottonseed hulls, is digested poorly. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Add 6 cups of water to the pot. There are four different kinds of beef tripe, classified depending on which stomach chamber the product was made from. Selenium is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides, thus preventing oxidative damage to the body tissues. The study demonstrated that the levels of these metals after simmering pig's feet, while heightened, were not dangerous if the dish is consumed in moderation. A cow's diet affects the nutritional contents of their milk. Because adequate phosphorus is critical for optimal performance of beef cattle, including growth, reproduction, and lactation, a phosphorus supplementation program is recommended using either a free-choice mineral mixture or direct supplementation in the diet. Milk is the liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals, including humans. All rights reserved. Potassium is the major cation in intracellular fluid and is important in acid-base balance; it is involved in regulation of osmotic pressure, water balance, muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmission, and several enzymatic reactions.

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