Possible UTI: It means you might have a small bladder infection. [7] The brush is placed into specimen transport medium (STM), which has preservatives to retard bacterial growth and retain the integrity of the DNA. However, the patient should be showing previous symptoms of autoimmune disease for the results to be considered accurate. Negative percent agreement is the percentage of total negative tests that are the same when comparing a new test and a nonreference standard. AASLD practice guideline available at http://www.aasld.org/practiceguidelines/Documents/Practice%20Guidelines/Hepatic.pdf. Some home tests give you results right away, such as a pregnancy test. Pallawela SN, Sonnex C, Mabayoje D, Bloch E, Chaytor S, Johnson MA, et al. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". WebNew test result type. Once immunosuppressive therapy is initiated, the risk of fulminant hepatitis in chronically infected persons and the risk for reactivation in persons with resolved infection increase, so HBsAg positivity in this population should prompt treatment, and anti-HBc positivity should prompt close monitoring for signs of liver disease. Close contacts of persons with known HBsAg positivity (household contacts, persons who share needles, sex partners) should undergo testing for anti-HBc or anti-HBs to determine susceptibility. Some lab tests can give you specific information. How many days after the covid positive can I take the test to get a negative? [14]. [11, 12], Individuals with positive HbeAg results have been shown to have higher rates of viral transmission; Those deemed to be susceptible should receive HBV vaccination to prevent transmission from ongoing exposure. I tested negative for Covid but my boyfriend who I was staying with tested positive. Janzen L, Minuk GY, Fast M, et al. N Engl J Med. 99% it will be fine. Any value between 5 and 12 mIU is indeterminate and should be repeated. Understanding this physiologic response is essential in interpreting these serologic markers. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. How severe are any complications? Today i went to get a PCR test and ended up testing negative on it. However, if you have been experiencing any symptoms that are characteristic of an autoimmune disease, but you have a negative ANA blood test, further testing will be needed. James A. Perkins. Using a Home Test Kit for Protein in Urine. How much does an income tax officer earn in India? [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. HPV has a predilection for differentiating squamous epithelium, where it infects and transforms host cells. Your doctor may want to repeat the test or order another test to check. The RNA-DNA hybrids adhere to the surface of a microplate well coated with antibodies specific for RNA-DNA hybrids. 57:167185. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Diagn Mol Pathol,. However, some laboratory may request to store the specimen at -20C or lower if testing cannot be done within 48 hours. undetectable) Pos=Positive (i.e. Thank god It just felt like I had a sinus infection. 92 (6):1844-50. Therefore, trace to 1+ reading may be obtained on urine from as many as 3% of healthy individuals. 4 What is the normal range of hCG test results? Go to https://www.healthwise.net/patientEd. It simply helps the diagnosis process. Medical and Scientific illustrations. Kaiser Permanente health plans around the country: Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., in Northern and Southern California and Hawaii Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Colorado Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia, Inc., Nine Piedmont Center, 3495 Piedmont Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30305, 404-364-7000 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States, Inc., in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., 2101 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest, 500 NE Multnomah St., Suite 100, Portland, OR 97232 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington or Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington Options, Inc.,1300 SW 27thSt., Renton, WA 98057. However, sometimes, for often unknown reasons, the immune system starts producing a new type of special proteins called autoantibodies. http://www.springerlink.com/content/du475u 12q655175j/fulltext.html. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Specimens less than 2 mm in cross-section should not be used. Lets look at a result expressed as 1:320. The normal stool pH reference range is 6.5 to 7.5. Only a handful of tests, such as blood sugar, have standardized reference ranges that all labs use. [1, 2] Persistence of HBsAg is used to differentiate acute from chronic infection. 2014 Sep 1. Available at www.gesa.org.au. What does this mean? WebNegative results do not preclude COVID-19 and should not be used as the sole basis for patient management decisions. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. - Urine pH <5.1 [11, 17], Serologic testing for HBsAg is the primary screening test. - Very high protein Their role in the body is to instruct the immune cells to target foreign cells and particles as a way to protect the body. [19] The HBV DNA cutoff to define virological response has not been determined and varies among types of antiviral therapy. Digene Corporation, 2004. Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. - Formaldelhyde (preservative tablets) 5 results to the tests reference range also commonly called the normal range or reference interval.. Hybrid Capture 2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test An In Vitro Nucleic Acid Hybridization Assay with Signal Amplification Using Microplate Chemiluminescence for the Qualitative Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68 in Cervical Specimens.". They help your doctor make a diagnosis or treatment decisions. If HBsAg results are negative, further testing of anti-HBs is warranted to determine protective immunity and the need for vaccination. J CANNT. Although 2 sets of RNA probes exist for Hybrid Capture II (HC-2), the probe that detects high-risk strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) is used most often. Due to cross-reactivity in the Hybrid Capture II probes, false-positive results designating high-risk infection may occur if high levels (4 ng/mL or higher) of HPV 6 or HPV 42 are present in the specimen, False-negatives may result from specimens taken from areas with high concentrations of anti-fungal cream, contraceptive jelly, or presence of a douche. Available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/du475u 12q655175j/fulltext.html.. Accessed: 2008. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Digene Corporation, 2004. Hwang Y, Lee M. Comparison of the AdvanSure human papillomavirus screening real-time PCR, the Abbott RealTime High Risk human papillomavirus test, and the Hybrid Capture human papillomavirus DNA test for the detection of human papillomavirus. - The reference range for RBCs in normal urine is 0-3 RBC/hpf in males and 0-12 RBCs/hpf in females when concentrated urine sediment is examined. 2006-2023 Healthwise, Incorporated. Type B hepatitis: the infectivity of blood positive for e antigen and DNA polymerase after accidental needlestick exposure. Upload your lab reports and get interpretation today. Lab test results may be positive, negative, or inconclusive. Your lab report will contain the reference ranges your lab uses. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Human Papillomavirus (HPV). 4 If you believe that you received a false negative from testing too soon, your doctor may repeat the test after 48 to 72 hours. Web. Moreover, screening enables early detection of persons at risk and prevention of ongoing HBV transmission through counseling, vaccination, and life-style modification. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 2014 Jul. Eric B Staros, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, St Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Laboratories, Director of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, St Louis University Hospital [5] High-risk probe cocktails have been shown to cross-react with HPV types not included in the probe mix. This is the general reference range. Optimal Result: Laboratories report patient test results along with their reference ranges. Results that are out of range are typically highlighted and may include a comment when out-of-range results have clinical significance. Some reports include critical values that represent potentially life-threatening abnormalities. All pregnant women should undergo HBsAg testing during each pregnancy, preferably during the first trimester. The WBC esterase test specifically looks for signs of infection, such as white blood cells, in urine. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. An individual positive for HBsAg is considered to be infected and is therefore potentially infectious. Frequently encountered genital types of HPV can be detected with as few as 10 copies of viral DNA. Use of the HC-2 test is indicated to screen patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Pap smear results to determine the need for repeat colposcopy, and in women 30 years and older. If you have been showing any signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disease, the ANA blood test will help distinguish if it is really an autoimmune disease that has been causing these symptoms or not. J Infect Dis. World Health Organization. Parit Mekaroonkamol, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Medical Council of ThailandDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Lau JY, Wright TL. Sometimes certain things can affect your test results. WebReference range: Negative; Out of range: Positive. J Gastroenterol. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What Is the Latest Recommendation for Hepatitis B Vaccination? Long-term cervical precancer outcomes after a negative DNA- or RNA-based human papillomavirus test result. Positive hepatitis B virus core antibody in HIV infection-false positive or evidence of previous infection?. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. This is good news. Red, butterfly-shaped rash on the face, etc. There is no standardization between laboratories, and these cutoff values tend to vary between manufacturers. So the doctor orders a throat culture to see if streptococcus bacteria are present. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. This is 8 days after initial rapid test being positive? WebNegative when something isn't present. We've put industry-leading security standards in place to help protect against the loss, misuse, or alteration of the information under our control. The full form of ANA blood test is antinuclear antibodies (ANA). In health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen). The specimen collected for laboratory diagnosis of genital HPV are exfoliated cells from a females cervical junction or a males foreskin, balanopreputial sulcus, glans, and navicular fossa of the penis. Chronic hepatitis B recommendations, summary and algorithm 2010. https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMjExOTM3OC1vdmVydmlldw==. HPV-related cellular aberrancies in females are concentrated in the squamocolumnar region of the ectocervix, making this region ideal site for diagnostic sampling. Hepatitis B virus infection--natural history and clinical consequences. The reference range is usually considered the "normal" range for a result. Negative. It's also important to understand what the results mean and what can affect the results. Kim WR. Besides diagnostic purposes, serologic markers should also be used to identify susceptible persons and to prevent transmission. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b. Interpret your laboratory results instantly with us. However, the level of the antigen does not appear to correlate with disease severity. Anti-HBc is the first detectable antibody in the course of HBV disease. The test may be repeated in one week if there is a strong possibility of pregnancy. 1996 Aug. 7(8):1228-34. 2002 Dec. 36(6):1425-30. Some medications, such as procainamide, hydralazine, and phenytoin, are known to cause an increase in the production of ANA in the body. You are being redirected to You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Available at http://epi.publichealth.nc.gov/cd/lhds/manuals/hepB/docs/hbv_slph.pdf. Dipstick sensitivity extends into the reference range. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is the current screening method used to detect HPV. Interpretation of Hepatitis B Serologic Markers All rights reserved. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Since HBeAg is produced only during replication of the virus, it can also be used to indirectly determine the state of HBV in the hepatocyte. All persons born in areas of high and intermediate HBV endemicity (>2% HBsAg prevalence should undergo testing for HBsAg, regardless of whether they were vaccinated in their country of origin. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, Wang SA, Finelli L, Wasley A, et al. It says Reference range negative what does that mean? [26] (Open Table in a new window), Intermittently or persistently or =20,000 IU/mL, With recent advances in HBV treatment, including new potent antiviral agents and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma through effective screening methods, prompt identification of persons with HBV infection allows the possibility of reducing morbidity and mortally. Seeff LB, Beebe GW, Hoofnagle JH, Norman JE, Buskell-Bales Z, Waggoner JG, et al. For example, your doctor uses your cholesterol levels plus other things, such as blood pressure and age, to check for your risk of a heart attack. Can you drive a forklift if you have been banned from driving? Is Edinburgh good for international students? Anticoagulant therapy and chemotherapy may also cause hematuria. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. ANA blood test is a commonly used test that helps measure any present antibodies in the body, and with that, detect the presence of a possible autoimmune disease Lupus or Rheumatoid Arthritis. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2008 update. Learn more. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,. The "standard range" is the normal result which would be negative - meaning no infection. A low, or negative, urine occult blood test is normal and healthy, as it indicates that there is no blood in the urine. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C. Hepatology. I had blood work up done. Clinical and laboratorial study of HPV infection in men infected with HIV. But they may not provide all of the information that your doctor needs. -Oxidizing agents - bleach, detergent, iodine 2012 May. Pamela I Ellsworth, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Urology, Nemours Children's Hospital; Professor of Urology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine Positive when something is present. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Pos. Manifestations of the disease may be active initially or enter a latent phase where the infected person remains asymptomatic but will still test positive. 2019 May 6. [22, 23, 24]. Available at http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b. WebMeans positive looking at some previous posts here. Available at http://bit.ly/1shbayx. A 'false negative' in the information display. Antony J, Celine T. A Hospital-based Retrospective Study on Frequency and Distribution of Viral Hepatitis. What Does My Pap Test Result Mean? However, tests performed too early in a pregnancy, before there is a significant hCG After testing negative on the PCR, i performed another rapid test and it came back positive. Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. 12 (1):251. Available at http://www.thehpvtest.com/. Techniques, Purpose, Procedure, 5 Simple Ways To Increase HDL Cholesterol Levels. Anna_tw 3 yr. ago. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Cervical specimens that may be tested with the HC-2 high-risk HPV DNA test include those obtained with the HC-2 high-risk DNA collection devices, biopsies collected in specimen transport medium, and specimens collected using a broom-type collection device and placed in Cytyc Thin Prep Pap test PreservCyt solution. [3] HBsAg can be cleared by normal immune response, and only 1-5% of patients with acute HBV exposure are estimated to progress to a chronic state. Negative results can also mean that the substance being tested for was 1993 Nov 27. Hubby tested Covid positive 9 days ago. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. A negative test result means that the substance or condition being tested for was not found. If the initial retest is negative, then a second retest should be performed. Typically, this is done by dipping a strip into the urine sample, and chemical reactions change the color of the pads. Hepatitis B. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Blood in the urine, called hematuria, is not a normal finding, but it is not uncommon and not necessarily a cause for alarm. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Medical Review:Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine & Martin J. Gabica MD - Family Medicine. Normal urine doesnt contain red blood cells, except females urine during menstruation. Consensus statement (short version). Then the results would be averaged to create the reference range for that group. It's possible to have a result that's different than the reference range even though nothing is wrong with you. Among persons with HIV infection, anti-HBc or anti-HBs testing should be performed to determine susceptibility. 295(17):909-13. A false-negative result is one that does not detect what is being tested for even though it is present. Table 2. After isolation I was meant to go back to work but my workplace requires a negative test before I can I consulted with my Gp who advised me that re-testing will still show a positive result for weeks? Results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica. Tested samples are compared to the positive controls to determine positivity. Genomic amplification and typing using PCR is another method for HPV detection and the criterion standard for HPV research. What do you mean by biological reference? IgM anti-HBc indicates acute infection and is the only serologic marker detectable during the window period, when neither HbsAg nor anti-HBs is detectable. my doctor said. [1, 2], Amplified DNA from cells harboring human papillomavirus are used as positive controls. The tests use PCR amplification, DNA probe hybridization, and sequencing method. -Bacterial peroxidase Int Braz J Urol,. Negative results must be combined with clinical observations, patient history, and epidemiological information. Your insurance company or doctor's office may have a website where you can get help with lab test results. However, in patients with high suspicion of exposure, a negative test should be repeated on a new sample. For treatment and monitoring, additional molecular tests, such as HBV quantification tests, HBV genotyping, and HBV resistance assays, should be administered, as needed. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Pamela I Ellsworth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Society for Fetal Urology, Society of Women in UrologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999. 49 (5 Suppl):S28-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [15], Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus in the Hepadnaviridae family. What is the normal range of hCG test results? Right Side Abdominal Pain Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Left Side Abdominal Pain Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. 38(4):533-40. What does hCG standard range negative mean? 1985 Apr. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/Screening.html. Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Public Health Program Manual/Hepatitis B Serology: A Guide to Services - State Laboratory of Public Health. It says not detected. Detection of HPV using the HC-2 high-risk HPV DNA test does not differentiate HPV types or infection with more than one type. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008 Sep 19. encoded search term (Hepatitis B Test) and Hepatitis B Test, Treatment Recommendations for HIV-Infected Patients With Co-infections, Pediatric Vaccines: Global Brands and Country Availability, Dried Blood Spot Test Validated for HIV, Hep B, and Hep C, Racial Disparities Not Found in Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment Initiation, Liver Disease Does Not Worsen IVF Outcomes. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 2014 Sep 11. If intact red cells do not lyse, they may produce speckles on the pad. My WBC Esterase is 2+ Abnormal flag reference interval is Negative WBC 11+30 Abnormal flag reference interval is 0-5 Help what does this mean, I just saw it on my lab work and Dr. didn't mention it at all. Tetramethylbenzidine is oxidized, producing a color change from orange to green-blue. Any situation that causes red cell hemolysis will give a positive dipstick and negative microscopic result. detectable) NA= not available. The problem with autoimmune diseases is the fact that they characterize themselves with a variety of symptoms. [11], HBV DNA (quantitative viral load) indicates viral burden and viral replication. No etiology can be determined in approximately 45% of cases of microscopic hematuria. 2005. Practioners take a sample of tissue from a womans cervical junction, and the sample is examined for the presence of HPV-infected cells. Most of these tests read out positive or negative. False positive reactions can also be caused by vegetable peroxidase. What is the difference between a urine and a beta hCG test? Biopsy specimens may be shipped at 2-30C for overnight delivery to the testing lab and stored at -20C until processed. NC Hepatitis B. Pancreatic Elastase Stool Test Purpose, Procedure, Results, Normal Range, What is Cardiac Ablation? A 'false negative' in the information display. A false-positive test result is one that shows that a disease or condition is present when it isn't present. - Dipsticks exposed to air Request for confidential communications forms, Learn more about link terms and conditions. N Engl J Med. Testing for hepatitis B serologic markers is typically performed as a component of liver function testing. For example, the table below shows reference ranges for a sedimentation rate test.footnote 1 This test helps find out if a person has inflammation, an infection, or an autoimmune disease. One of the test were for covid antibodies. This concentration corresponds to 5 to 21 RBCs/uL or 1 to 4 RBCs/hpf of concentrated urine sediment. Transient hematuria can result from menstruation, viral illnesses, strenuous exercise, and mild trauma. Such patients who are positive for HBsAG should be cohorted. The outer envelope is involved in viral binding and cellular entry. WebBy definition, 1 out of 20 (or 5%) results will fall outside the established reference range with specimens taken from a random sample of healthy individuals. I tested positive for the sars cov 2 igm test . To learn more, please visit our, I assume it means that a normal reading is negative. Ask your doctor to explain what the results mean. Hematuria can be due to lesions within the GU tract involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, or urethra. There is no Shing JZ, Ly KN, Xing J, Teshale EH, Jiles RB. The values in between those Not all treatments or services described are covered benefits for Kaiser Permanente members or offered as services by Kaiser Permanente. Han Z, Liu Y, Pan J, Bi Y, Liu J, Zhou YH. [6] If both the HPV and Pap test show a positive result for the presence of a high-risk HPV strain, then colposcopy should be performed right away. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. For example, a group of 30- to 40-year-old men would be given a specific test. Presence of the antigen longer than 6 months after initial exposure indicates chronic infection. HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV-DNA testing is required in donors of blood, organs, plasma, semen, or tissues to prevent transmission to recipients. Listen to pronunciation. [1], Comparison of the hybrid capture 2 HPV DNA-test (HC-2) to the AdvanSure human papillomavirus screening real-time, PCR and the Abbott real-time high-risk HPV PCR assay (Abbott PCR) demonstrate that the AdvanSure HPV screening real-time PCR and the Abbott PCR assay are less sensitive but more specific than the HC-2 assay. My question Signal amplification is the result of multiple conjugated antibodies binding to each adherent hybrid. A false-negative test result may suggest that a person doesn't have a disease or condition being tested for when he or she does have it. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. 316 (16):965-70. Goldstein ST, Zhou F, Hadler SC, Bell BP, Mast EE, Margolis HS. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Results of less than 5 mIU/mL of HCG are negative, meaning that its unlikely you are pregnant. Proposed cutoffs for consideration for antiviral therapy is 100,000 copies/mL or 20,000 IU/mL in HbeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis and 10,000 copies/mL or 2,000 IU/mL in HbeAg-negative patients. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. In healthy individuals, fewer than 1000 red cells are excreted in the urine per minute. The person you talk to about your results may not be a doctor. Doctor's Assistant: The Doctor can help. [11], HBV genotyping helps differentiate 6 genotypes of the virus (A-G). [2]. 2019 Jul 27. i'm still worried. In scenarios that might necessitate postexposure prophylaxis following transfer of blood or body fluids (eg, sexual assault, needle-stick), the source person of the blood or body fluid should be tested for HBsAg, and the exposed person should be provided with postexposure prophylaxis, if necessary. COVID PCR test came back as detected and under reference range. Who is the most beautiful actress of South Korea? As compared to the "Detected" the result she got. [16] Note that indications for treatment are based not only on HBV DNA, but also on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and severity of liver disease, which is beyond the scope of this article. Seroconversion is associated with a lower level of HBV DNA or a low replicating state of the virus. If the initial -Betadine. The autoantibodies instruct the immune cells to attack the bodys own tissue, causing an autoimmune disease to develop. Some results outside the range may resolve on their own, especially if they are on the border of the reference range. Your provider will also seek explanations for an abnormal result, such as those above. A key point your provider will address is how far out of the reference range is the result and if the results are repeatable.

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