He was 63. It was an honour and a privilege to have even known and been close to him in any way. Read about our approach to external linking. The future playwright would take a three-string banjo with him into work, hanging it under a dust coat behind the door. Rafferty struck out on his own, casting back to the folk songs of his childhood for renewed inspiration. Artists write the best songs when they're hungry.' In 1990, his beloved Carla left him. He was a titan, a giant, opines Barbara Dickson, who sung with Rafferty in Glasgows folk clubs and contributed backing vocals to City To City. He retreated to Dorset, England, where he was "relatively well" but ultimately sapped of talent. He was a pretty erudite character, says Noakes. And now we have this unhappy end.". Every day was a journey in itself and Im still recovering from the impact those years had on me., Stealers Wheel: The A&M Years is out now via Caroline International. Rafferty was born in Paisley, near Glasgow, an unwanted third son. He died many years later in a terrible state. As per our current Database, Gerry Rafferty died on Jan 4, 2011 (age 63). Rafferty had a piano set up in the front room, around which he and Egan would write songs. He was 79. The first that he joined was the Mavericks, through which he met Egan, who was nominated by the fledgling group as lead singer, and together they bashed out Beatles and Stones covers around the local dancehall circuit on weekends. One of those people, from the post-war consensus, whos bright as a button, but that didnt do all that well academically. From my side of things, the main problem was that basically he wanted me to say no to everything. Rafferty had recorded and toured with Billy Connolly as part of the Humblebums, before forming Stealers Wheel with his friend Joe Egan in 1972. He got a telegram from McCartney congratulating him on an incredible song. Thats the main thing I feel bad about, although Im not sure what I could have done really. He was very guarded, but I could understand that. They would take to the busy shop streets on rainy days, looking for old ladies to prank. They got as far as landing a deal with Columbia Records and in 1966 cut a Rafferty-Egan original, Benjamin Day. From the Mavericks, Rafferty and Egan progressed to another beat group a quintet, the Fifth Column so as to be able to play their own songs. At weekends, he and a schoolfriend, Joe Egan, played in a local group, the Mavericks. Before his famed talk show that mostly . Reviewing City to City in Rolling Stone, Ken Emerson said Mr. Rafferty writes with the sweet melodiousness of Paul McCartney and sings with John Lennons weary huskiness., Mr. Emerson discerned a prayerful quality in Mr. Raffertys voice, reminiscent of the dim dawn after a dark night of the soul.. These, plus the less popular Snakes and Ladders (1980, recorded in Montserrat), are the gorgeously produced works of Gerry's prime. Musician and BBC 6 Music presenter Tom Robinson said Rafferty would be greatly missed. You kind of cant help but like it, or at least softly sway to it. Read about our approach to external linking. The Edge Calls it a Quantum Leap Forward, Neil Young and Stephen Stills Honor David Crosby, Revive Buffalo Springfield at Light Up The Blues, Keith Richards Surprises Fans at Willie Nelson's 90th Birthday Concert, Sings 'Live Forever' With Willie, Marty Stuart Heads Back to the Spiritual Home of Country Music, BachmanTurner Overdrive Guitarist Tim Bachman Dead at 71, Pride Live Recruits Christina Aguilera to Headline 2023 Stonewall Day Celebration, Aerosmith to Peace Out With Farewell Tour, Trump Tries to Bail Himself Out of Rape Case by Asking for Mistrial. He wasnt in need of a Svengali. His drinking increased with commercial success and subsequent attempts to play out. He eventually rejoined the group and they cut a new album with the legendary songwriting team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. I would never have left him if there'd been a glimmer of a chance of him recovering." And this was the live band that backed Gerry Rafferty around 1980: He sadly died in Bournemouth, England, on January 4th, 2011, due to a liver disease. Rafferty grew up in a council house on the town's Glenburn estate and attended St. Mirin's Academy. George Morris, Donaghadee, County Down, Northern Ireland, As a muso myself, I loved the arrangement of the haunting Baker Street and often performed Stuck In The Middle With You with a band I was a part of in the 80s and 90s in England. I got on a train to Stroud and picked up a taxi which skidded its way in pitch blackness to where Gerry was living with Martha. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/arts/music/05rafferty.html, the Proclaimers 1987 hit Letter From America.. Explore in 3D: The dazzling crown that makes a king. Anyone can read what you share. He was dying and we both knew it, and it was okay, says Martha. Some people can find that kind of focus a wee bit difficult to deal with, but to me it was hugely inspirational.. I never heard. Joseph Rafferty died when Gerry was just sixteen, but if he bequeathed anything to his last-born son it was an affinity for songs in the Irish and Scottish folk tradition. It was Gerry who urged Connolly to go it alone as a comic. Signed to United Artists, he and Hugh Murphy co-produced the album for 18,000 in 1978. The Stealers Wheel singer-songwriter was 63. We didnt share a sense of humor or anything. The group split for good in 1975 and three years later Rafferty released his solo album City to City, which sold 5.5 million copies due to the massive hit Baker Street best known for the saxophone hook by Raphael Ravenscroft. Mr. Raffertys marriage to Carla Ventilla ended in divorce. This song was everywhere in 1978. Phil Lynott once invited Cliff Richard into the studio to hear new Thin Lizzy songs while his dealer chopped out heroin behind the squeaky-clean pop star, Led Zeppelin and the shows that broke America (and blew Ace Frehley's mind), Watch Blondie play One Way Or Another while dancers in see-thru plastic trousers pretend to fight, Queen, The Beatles, The Who, ELO, David Bowie and Kate Bush appear on UK government-curated Coronation playlist, Every issue delivered direct to your door. began his real career in 1971, establishing him as a singer-songwriter, bringing folk fans with him and promoting his songs. On the other hand, he fully enjoyed the fruits of his success. He was the third son of Irish miner and lorry driver Joseph Rafferty and Rafferty's Scottish wife Mary Skeffington. Punk was rampaging out of Londons pubs and clubs and Raffertys intricately detailed songs flew in the face of the prevailing winds, but he didnt for a second doubt their worth. Scottish singer/songwriter Gerry Rafferty, best known for his solo hit "Baker Street" and "Stuck In The Middle," which he recorded as a member of Stealers Wheel, died January 4th after a long. She finally left in 1990 but the two remained in touch, Gray said. His mother, Mary Skeffington, whose name would provide a Rafferty song title, dragged young Gerry round the streets on Saturday nights so that they would not be at home when his father came back drunk. He recorded the demos for the 1978 album "City to City" in his wife's parents' house using a four-track machine, playing every instrument himself, Gray wrote. He was perfectly coherent and ready to quit this world for the next. One thing I do know is that James Taylor wrote Gerry a fan letter about another song on City To City, Whatevers Written In Your Heart. He recalled, "My father was Irish, so growing up in Paisley I was hearing all these songs when I was two or three. Meet the Talented Emerging Artists You Won't Want to Miss This Spring, Who Is Patrick Stewart's Wife? Gerry played every instrument, including lentil-jar percussion. He could have been as famous as any songwriter in the world, but chose not to be. Susan Miller, Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, Scotland, Have followed his releases from Stealers Wheel to present. How Much Was Gerry Rafferty Worth When He Died. There was something very distasteful to him about us, what we represented to him, crassly commercial, what have you. "Many of us had hoped his recent album Life Goes On in 2009 would lead to a full-time return to writing and performing for a lyrical and highly gifted artist.". Fortuitously, it wasnt long before he got introduced to Billy Connolly at Paisleys Orange Hall, where the latter was playing with partner Tam Harvey as the nascent Humblebums. It has a rolling, smooth groove with a synthesizer and saxophone peaks. He is survived by Martha, his granddaughter, Celia, and brother, Jim. Although he was an intense personality for many industry execs, he was one of Britains most treasured musicians. It was to be his last Christmas. Joseph died in 1963, when Gerry was 16. The celebrated talk show . Required on one occasion to travel to America, he flew by Concorde. Rafferty was rarely seen in public in recent years, though there were many reports in the British press about his battles with alcoholism. One of the most recognizable talk show hosts in television history has died. Little did we know Alan Muirhead, Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria, England, My eldest daughter was in school with his daughter Martha when Gerry lived in Kilmacolm. The musician behind one of the most recognisable saxophone solos - on Gerry Rafferty's hit Baker Street - has died. In his few big hits, Rafferty showed considerable promise as a songwriter. Mr. Raffertys 1978 album, City to City, reached No. So did Stuck in the Middle With You, a song Mr. Rafferty and Joe Egan recorded with their group Stealers Wheel in 1972. For the better part of three years, Rafferty had to slog down from his native Scotland to London, so often he could trace the route with his eyes shut, to sit with a gaggle of lawyers, poring over the fine print of a potentially ruinous contract he had signed up to when he was with his old band, Stealers Wheel. Despite US releases, singles written by Gerry (Shoeshine Boy and Saturday Round About Sunday) and John Peel sessions for the BBC, there was little reaction and tensions grew between these strong personalities. I dont think he felt as if he was shutting himself off from anything of great value. In 1995, Rafferty was deeply affected by the death of his older brother Joseph, an event from which family and friends have said he never fully recovered. Rita Walker, Greenock, Scotland, Gerry Rafferty had depths beyond his two best-selling singles. The funeral of Scottish music legend Gerry Rafferty is to take place at St Mirin's Cathedral in Paisley next Friday. He could never reconcile his unabashed love for making music with the price he had to pay to get it heard. His first top ten hit was Baker Street in May of 1978. His childhood sweetheart, Carla Ventilla, divorced him after 20 years of marriage in 1990. At that time, Alice and me, Gerry and Carla were very fond of dining together at the Rogano, a long-established, Art Deco seafood restaurant in Glasgow. (modern), Gerry Rafferty in 2003. Carla said later: "He was just stalling for time. He was 63. Gerry Raffertys Baker Street Blues: Rolling Stones 1978 Feature, Rafferty began his career as a member of the mid-1960s folk-rock group the Humblebums, which also included future comedy star Billy Connolly. Mad promoters from Utah would be ringing him in the middle of the night and demanding that he tour. Alcoholism is a terrible sickness.. The following November, his hometown paid a still more lasting tribute, naming a street in the Shortroods area Gerry Rafferty Drive. Gerry will be sorely missed. A statement said Springer, who is from Cincinnati . His voice was like velvet. Eventually, and as Rafferty related it, Connollys jokes got to be longer, the time allocated to his songs exponentially shorter, and inevitably the two men broke apart. Rafferty and Murphy practically had to beg them to put it out, but once they did on February 3, 1978, the song took off like Ravenscrofts spiralling saxophone. Fairly typically of Paisley at the time, they were a working class family. Their eponymous debut album climbed the US charts and included the million-selling Stuck in the Middle With You, memorably resurrected for a key scene in Quentin Tarantino's film Reservoir Dogs (1992). Gray called the songs "gorgeously produced works of Gerry's prime. Kiss Paul Stanley Has 'Thoughts' About Parents Who Support Kids Gender Identities Baker Street rose to Number Three on the UK chart, went one higher in the US and won Rafferty two Ivor Novello awards. Gerry Rafferty: Bipolar alcoholic, industry misfit - and one of Britain's most treasured musicians. After the band were signed to A&M, the label insisted upon drafting in new musicians to work around Rafferty and Egan and also paired them with veteran producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, famed for their association with Elvis Presley. The father died when Rafferty was 16. April 27, 2023 10:42 AM EDT. Released as a single in mid-1978, it reached #12 on. By then, the Beatles had already begun to change the world and Rafferty, like countless other British teenagers, was intoxicated by the very idea of having a band of his own. Neither fame nor fortune mattered to him. Rafferty would go on to record ten studio albums in total. When the elder shoppers put up their umbrellas, Gerry would accidentally bump into them and immediately shout and hit the ground. Mr. Rafferty dropped out of school at 15 and went to work in a butcher shop. 'My Cousin Vinny' Cast: Where Are They Now? He developed a steady group of fans and became a well-known Scottish singer-songwriter. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2022 Great Oldies | Privacy Policy | Wisteria on Trellis Framework by Mediavine. All rights reserved. UK . His solo hits in the late 1970s included "Baker Street", "Right Down the Line", and "Night Owl". Tony Last, Hastings, New Zealand, My first LP was Can I Have my Money Back, which I still have. Carla finally left in 1990: "There was no hope. They also made a brace of likeable albums together, 1969s The New Humblebums and the next years Open Up The Door. Mr. Rafferty himself said in a rare interview in 2009 with The Sunday Express that he suffered from depression. I dont believe he had any particular expectations that he would have such enormous successes commercially, says Michael Grey, head of press at United Artists when City To City was released and who Rafferty brought in as his manager. In 2003, Rafferty was quoted as estimating that the song was still earning him 80,000 a year. He was 63. After their divorce, farm and Hampstead home gone, Gerry eventually moved to California, near to Martha, who worked for him. By then, Rafferty had purchased property in California to be near his daughter Martha. He was a founding member of Stealers Wheel, whose biggest hit was "Stuck in the Middle with You" in 1973.His solo hits in the late 1970s included "Baker Street", "Right Down the Line", and "Night Owl . He was wonderfully expansive in his gestures, yet terribly shy which made him devastatingly attractive of course. Rafferty had been suffering from liver failure. Unfortunately, Raffertys struggle with alcohol addiction would end his marriage. Other albums followed, some of which garnered good reviews but none of which approached Mr. Raffertys earlier success. Gerald Rafferty, musician, born 16 April 1947; died 4 January 2011, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. He bought a rambling farmhouse and three-hundred acres of land in rural Kent and a grand Queen Anne house in Londons upmarket Hampstead. It would be six years before the pair of them next worked together and after which Rafferty had enjoyed and then endured his initial taste of fame. Gerald Rafferty Born April 16, 1947 Died January 4, 2011 Country United Kingdom . Bath A troubled soul with an extremely strong work ethic, Rafferty had, over the decades, amassed a large cache of unreleased recordings that were now left in . Rafferty died of liver. Fortunately, his soft, beautiful melodies will always remind us of his brighter days. Physique Before Fame His earliest band was a folk act known as The Humblebums. "I'm deeply saddened to hear that Gerry has lost the battle with his failing health," he said. Scottish singer/songwriter Gerry Rafferty, best known for his solo hit Baker Street and Stuck In The Middle, which he recorded as a member of Stealers Wheel, died January 4th after a long battle with liver disease. In the 2009 interview, Mr. Rafferty called the music industry something I loathe and detest. Nevertheless, he earned nearly $125,000 a year in royalties for Baker Street alone. They were the Humblebums, and they made brilliant music. At eleven, he started to play. Rafferty was born in a small town near Glasgow in 1947. Music journalist and BBC Radio 2 presenter Paul Gambaccini said it was a cruel irony that Baker Street, about Rafferty's unhappiness with being a star, brought him more of the fame he hated. This upbeat adult contemporary hit climbed the charts in the US and UK in 1979. Refusing to tour America, he played a few British dates and recorded his successful follow-up, Night Owl (1979), which yielded further hits: Days Gone Down, Get It Right Next Time and the title track. All he wants to do is write songs for his daughter, they would say. Jerry Springer, the TV presenter best known for his raucous talk shows, has died aged 79. Paisley, United Kingdom Gerry Rafferty/Lieu de naissance. His career high came in the 1970s and included the anthemic Baker Street and Stuck in the Middle with You, recorded with his band Stealers Wheel. These were the years I worked for him. He wanted to understand why we were here. His drinking had escalated too, to the degree that it became debilitating and damaging. Gerry Rafferty. I was going through a very strange period in my life then, Rafferty told Rolling Stone in 1978. He knew he had several great songs but was modest in his hopes for the albums success. The sound of Baker Street would become as emblematic of the era as any of Queens excursions into mock-opera, the Eagles sun-blushed harmonies, the Bee Gees stratospheric disco or Johnny Rotten sneering God save the Queen. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Rafferty grew up in a ground-floor tenement on one of the towns sprawling council estates. As their fingers scurried up the riff's opening glissando from octave D to high D, they marked 40 years since the song's 1978 release on the day that Rafferty (who died of liver failure in. His brother Joe died in 1995, then Hugh Murphy in 1998, each devastating him and appearing to hasten his own decline. You shouldnt worry, I said, that aint no crime. Altogether, no aspect of his life would ever again be the same. When he died on January 4, 2011, aged sixty-three, his work had made him a millionaire, but the considerable due he merited as a songwriter of rare craft and intuitive skill had largely eluded him. Barbara Dickson was similarly bowled over by Raffertys blossoming as a songwriter. I remember being completely transfixed by him, she says. Hadn't thought much of Gerry in years, but boy did I wear some vinyl out that had his name on it in the late 70's and early 80's. Whatever happened to Gerry? He and his mother would hide from his father to avoid being beaten when he stumbled home drunk, Mr. Gray wrote. He spent his last years with fiance Enzina Fuschini, who helped him through some of his darkest hours of alcoholism. Music was his oxygen. Rehearsals attracted all sorts of excuses from staff to absent themselves from their desks to go and listen in the studio cubicle. Billy Connolly was also in Clydebank, and after Gerry's song Benjamin Day failed as a Mavericks single, Gerry and Egan quit the group and Gerry joined Connolly's outfit, the Humblebums, a Clydeside folk act. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. for a total of 13 years and during that period interviewed everyone from Sir Paul McCartney, Madonna and Bruce Springsteen to Noel Gallagher, Adele and Take That. Matching search results: Gerald Rafferty (16 April 1947 - 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. They would wait outside, in all weathers, until he had fallen asleep, to avoid a beating. Gerry Rafferty. It was around this time, in the mid-60s, that Rafferty began to play in bands. When he died on January 4, 2011, aged sixty-three, his work had made him a millionaire, but the considerable due he merited as a songwriter of rare craft and intuitive skill had largely eluded him. At a dancehall in 1965, Gerry met . His father was of Irish stock, a lorry driver by trade and a heavy drinker. At a dancehall in 1965, Gerry met his future wife, apprentice hairdresser Carla Ventilla. According to Raffertys daughter Martha, Baker Streets success put him over the edge. Outside of Scotland and same as it ever was its the sound of that resigned vocal and eruptive saxophone that still now most readily brings Gerry Rafferty to mind. You can find out more and change our default settings with Cookies Settings. Jene Galvin, a friend and spokesman for the . "His early work with Stealers Wheel was an inspiration to a whole generation of songwriters in the 70s, including me. He was a raging extrovert and I was the sensitive singer-songwriter, Rafferty told BBC Radio Scotland in 2003. How many hits did Gerry Rafferty have? Carla was the closest person in the world to him and she wasnt able to help. Rafferty was perhaps best known for his hit single, Stuck in the Middle with You, which was featured in a pivotal scene in Quentin Tarantinos 1992 film Reservoir Dogs. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Gerry Rafferty - Rest In Blue - CD - NEW at the best online prices at eBay! Byrne, also educated at St Mirin's, had long been Gerry's mentor, and had first interested Gerry in playing the guitar. Gavin Rossdale: 8 songs that changed my life, How David Gilmour used a pair of pigs testicles to get one over on Roger Waters, New data shows that nu metal is more popular than it's been in almost twenty years. Fame didn't sit comfortably with the singer, however, as this song about uncertainty and aimlessness makes clear ("You gotta grow, you gotta . He brought musical quality into life at times when there was not much around. But Mr. Gray, writing in The Guardian, said Mr. Raffertys success was a shadow of what it might have been. Carla Ventillam. Springer was a fixture of daytime TV with his . Rafferty died aged 63 in January following a drink problem which had ruined his 20-year marriage to ex-wife Carla. This makes the story more interesting and sad. For a few months, Carla had to come to lodge with me and my then wife, Alice and we saw a great deal of the two of them.. He had a laugh like a machine gun and a fantastically infectious smile. I said, 'If you give him 5 million, you'll never get another album' It's the worst thing you can do. 2023 Rolling Stone, LLC. There were other punishing blows to his psyche. 2023 BBC. January 4, 2011 - Gerald "Gerry" Rafferty was born on 16 April 1947 into a working-class family in Underwood Lane in Paisley, Scotland, a son and grandson of coal miners.He grew up in a council house on the town's Foxbar estate and was educated at St Mirin's Academy. Saved Stories. Rafferty had travelled an otherwise scenic route to this point in the mid-1970s. But at his peak Mr. Rafferty drew rave reviews for his synthesis of country, folk and rock music. They marked a decline in sales and standard. Jerry Springer, the longtime talk show host, died Thursday at his home in suburban Chicago at age 79. I rest my case.. Biography Biography Timeline 1947 Rafferty was born on 16 April 1947 into a working-class family of Irish Catholic origin in Underwood Lane in Paisley, a son and grandson of coal miners. Gerry was very quiet, very shy. Cause if you get it wrong youll get it right next time. Sign up below to get the latest from Classic Rock, plus exclusive special offers, direct to your inbox! But life in post-war Scotland was rough, and Gerry had to leave school at age 16 to help support the family. Initially, Raffertys new label, United Artists were set against releasing Baker Street as the albums lead-off single. BA1 1UA. Yet in 1972, now with a young daughter, Martha, Gerry rejoined Egan to form Stealers Wheel, a soft-rock group. Those had been good times, but not so as each of them didnt want for something more and on their respective terms. [11] In early 2016, independent record label Intervention Records reissued both Stealers Wheel and Ferguslie Park on 180-gram vinyl. He craved anonymity and was not mentally equipped to handle the pressure of success. According to his former manager Jon Brewer, City to City was rejected by several record label executives because of Raffertys rudeness. Rafferty learned both Irish and Scottish folk songs as a boy. By definition, if they were in the business they were a bunch of shits and he thought they were going to feck him over. 1995 How old is Gerry Rafferty? However, on Jan. 4, 2011, Gerry Rafferty died of liver failure. Or why not treat yourself? The Stealers Wheel founder died in his home at the age of 63 after a long illness, the UK's Guardian reports. He was obsessed with keeping control, opines Barbara Dickson. Rafferty later joined another band, the Humblebums, with comedian Billy Connolly, Gray said. Even prior to 1983 Rafferty had distanced himself from the music industry, but is talent for song writing was like a curse that kept leading him back to the spot light. Women Changing the Music Industry Today: 'I Deserve the Spotlight', Shirley Eikhard, Songwriter of Grammy-Winning 'Something to Talk About,' Dead at 67, BTS Members: Everything to Know About the K-Pop Supergroup, Willie Nelson's 8 Children: Everything to Know. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. For me, hes the greatest ever Scottish songwriter, maintains Barbara Dickson, who released her own tribute album to Rafferty in 2013. Right Down The Line, his next single, held court at number one for four weeks in a row. The singer-songwriter Gerry Rafferty, whose songs such as Stuck in the Middle with You, Baker Street and Get it Right Next Time soundtracked the 1970s, has died aged 63 after a long illness.. Connelly described Rafferty as a spirited jokester. He said his little brother wanted to teach himself a Cliff Richard tune. He was very sure of his own talent and equally suspicious of how it would be exploited., When Baker Street became the hit that it was, adults changed towards me, recalls Martha Rafferty. How Many Hit Songs Did Gerry Rafferty Have? One track, Baker Street, made the Top 10 in both Britain and the United States. His misuse of alcohol led to increasingly erratic behaviour, and 2010 saw him hospitalised due to the failure of several internal organs. When did Gerry Rafferty's brother Joe Rafferty die? Connolly was a born comic, the more introverted Rafferty minded to forge a different path. He contributed a vocal to the soundtrack of the 1983 film Local Hero, and produced the Proclaimers 1987 hit Letter From America.. "He became dangerous at airports," said Carla, "and he'd scream across restaurant tables at me." The two mens regular London boozer was called the Globe and located at the junction of Marylebone Road and Baker Street. His Irish-born father, a violent alcoholic, was a miner and lorry driver who died when Rafferty was 16. There was a generation gap and a culture gap, Rafferty said. City to City, a solo effort, was his first album for the label. The song received new life in 1992 when Quentin Tarantino used it in a particularly gruesome scene in his debut film Reservoir Dogs. A year later and also with Hugh Murphy, he produced a second hit album, Night Owl, which with its title track and Get It Right Next Time matched the mercurial Steely Dan for sophisticated pop perfection. It was very rare for me to feel that way, but he was fantastic. Its about giving yourself a break in this crazy life. Rafferty didnt bother to watch the film until nearly twenty years later. He was diagnosed with the disease months before his death.

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