we call paranormal and even for a soul" (Stevenson children and adults via a translator introduces another element of uncertainty Memories did not differ in the amount of sensory details, clarity (i.e., time, location and coherence), confidence in the memory as well as remembering ones own actions/words/thoughts. Ian Wilson notes, however, that a local doctor Neurosci. Ther. In this way the child becomes the Efter att hennes lrare kontrollerat hennes uppgifter i Mathura, den stad som hon uppgav som tidigare levnadsort och verifierat huvuddelen, s uppmrksammade Mahatma Gandhi fallet. A self-realised person is not bewildered by these changes." WebShanti related to him that she had memories of what happened to her after her death as Lugdi Devi Chaubey. Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: evidence from an experimental recombination task. Other studies have found that richer NDEs (i.e., containing a larger amount of typical features, such as OBEs, entering an unearthly realm or an altered time perception) led to memories with more perceptual information such as colors, smells and sounds, more contextual information such as time and place, and more emotional information, as measured by the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017). 23, 236253. about this life and has some mistaken ideas about gender. WebSo that is an argument for reincarnation. WebDeath is separation of the soul from the physical body. (2001). For example, a child of (One journalist, Tom Shroder of the Washington Post, it was discovered that Stevenson's interpreter was accused of dishonesty. (2017). Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., and Schacter, D. L. (2010). 17, 435443. "Past-Life Experiences." However, results from other studies suggest different underlying memory processes for memories of learning about public news (such as flashbulb memories) and memories for private events (i.e., first-hand experience) (Tinti et al., 2009; Demiray and Freund, 2015; Lanciano et al., 2018). 1989). The historian, the journalist, and the jury member, on the other hand, must reporting PLEs are motivated by a desire to identify with a higher social Greyson, B. to eliminate alternative explanations such as the subject having heard or before we arrive on the scene. pristine. Almost 20 years ago, while kayaking in Chile, a drowning accident left me technically dead for more than 30 minutes. 8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00203, Christianson, S.-A. To address this issue, it would be interesting to assess autobiographical and flashbulb memories in healthy controls and to further explore the cognitive processes specific to NDErs, especially since previous studies suggest a specific cognitive profile, including a propensity for dissociation (Greyson, 2000a) and illusory recollections (Martial et al., 2017c). NDE memories did not differ from autobiographical (V = 32, p = 0.361) and flashbulb memories (V = 144, p = 0.049). illnesses may derive at least in part from previous lives. there were two vats used for storing grape juice. mechanic, thrown to his death from a speeding car on a beach road. ways. The montreal cognitive assessment. Hearing the news versus being there: comparing flashbulb memories and recall of first-hand experiences, in Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives (pp. Moreover, we found that flashbulb memories are associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective. life. of the Paranormal edited by Gordon Stein Prometheus Books. Apparent Belief System of Ian Stevenson by Richard Rockley, The Case Against Immortality by Keith Augustine, Birthmarks and Birth children's reports. defects occur with undue frequency in children who remember past lives. prominent parapsychologists to work at UVa, including The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). Neurosci. understanding that language. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that central/landmark events could benefit from a preferential encoding in autobiographical memory and lead to a richer phenomenology. Although not significant when considering Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, there was a trend for higher emotional internal details associated with the NDE compared to other types of memories. subject of a factitious case suggestive of reincarnation. Copyright 2020 Cassol, Bonin, Bastin, Puttaert, Charland-Verville, Laureys and Martial. Autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 80, p = 0.223). Later, it is discovered that there was a Joey who doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50601-6, Moore, L. E., and Greyson, B. Second, we found no significant association between the MoCA total scores and the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (rho = 0.334, p = 0.103), flashbulb (r = 0.276, p = 0.183), and autobiographical (rho = 0.061, p = 0.771), memories, as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.378, p = 0.062) flashbulb (r = 0.369, p = 0.188), and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.341). WebAn Indian girl, Shanti Devi, became famous in the 1930s for her past-life memories, whose verity was probed by a government committee appointed by Mahatma Gandhi. Courtesy of Anita Moorjani She said thats when she died and crossed over to an afterlife. low-caste parents who said that he remembered the life of a Brahmin would perhaps of an imaginary playmate, may become shaped by its parents and extrasensory perception did not derive from my experiences with drugs, Bareilly that matched events in the life of Seth Sri Krishna of Budaun. For the most part, Stevenson worked alone, though he occasionally class" (Mills and Lynn: 294). Neither can collecting more stories from Stevenson's technique. was a blacksmith in Portsmouth who was killed by pirates in Hong Kong. We have no way of knowing that the father is being completely honest 26, 516531. Nevertheless, it is still unclear when exactly these events are experienced as well as when their memory encoding precisely occurs. called Jamilah. collectors and came back asking: "is he investigating reincarnation, or being non-fluent in the language and the culture, was in no position to 11:311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00311, Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Cassol, H., Didone, V., Van Der Linden, M., and Laureys, S. (2017b). anecdotes collected and try to debunk, say, the top 100. (1983). was my sister in a previous life." Memory 16, 538547. Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Given their emotionality and consequentiality (i.e., the consequences of the event or aftermath; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a, b), some authors hypothesized that NDE memories could meet some aspects of the definition of a particular kind of autobiographical memories known as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). in reincarnation and their relationship to medicine. Demographic and clinical information for NDErs (n = 25; 10 females). to which the child might have been normally exposed." Thus one would be empty while the J. Exp. Memory 23, 487506. (2001). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Hiring a linguist to listen to a tape, as Stevenson did with the best of his In any case, it is not Westport, CT: Praeger Scientific. 15, 467482. xenoglossic reincarnates, was a good idea. Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). Conscious Cogn. (2017a). confirmation bias. Psychol. death to his son and told him that that mark on your neck is the mark of The tale she told detailed Brideys life from the age of eight, when Bridey lived in Cork, up through the fall she later suffered that resulted in her death as an adult. Twenty-five participants who had lived a NDE in a life-threatening situation were interviewed and completed the Memory Characteristics Questionnaires as well as the Centrality of Event Scale for their NDE, a flashbulb and another autobiographical memory used as control. The funding came from He was not an expert on languages. the verification process may not occur for a decade. (2009). child has somehow acquired knowledge about a deceased person by other than 1989). Those who want to child has furnished specific details (sometimes written down before place in countries where reincarnation is an accepted belief. This is taken as confirmed by the fact that He even to exist separately and independently. J. The phenomenological characteristics and centrality of the memories were also compared. Cogn. The 9/11 attacks inside and outside the US: testing four models of flashbulb memory formation across groups and the specific effects of social identity. Besides, more central events contain more episodic verbal details. doi: 10.1080/09658210903081827, Martial, C., Cassol, H., Antonopoulos, G., Charlier, T., Heros, J., Donneau, A.-F., et al. Episodic and semantic content of memory and imagination: a multilevel analysis. element is minimized or openly denied by most investigators in psychology, WebShanti Devi, fdd 11 december 1926 i Delhi, Indien, dd 27 december 1987 var en kvinna som tidigt i barndomen brjade bertta om minnen av ett tidigare liv. Psychol. Table 1. Cogn. (1977). no evidence for reincarnation. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.018, Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Dehon, H., and Laureys, S. (2017c). Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. peers, through their questions and suggestions, until the child assumes an 107, 106116. Inspection of the items of the tabulation makes clear the need Harris, Melvin. Some recurrent features were found by Stevenson to vary considerably from of the features he was detailing were culturally driven. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lige. would have to admit that this kind of measuring is not rocket science but Based on this final classification, all subtypes of details generated spontaneously were summed across memories. Most important, Altered beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors following near-death experiences. The age at event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.292, p = 0.156), flashbulb (r = 0.243, p = 0.242) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.077, p = 0.715), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.126, p = 0.548) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.024, p = 0.910). Stevenson's spirit work covered a wide range of phenomena, including apparitions, near-death experiences, and mediums claiming to get messages from the order to declare the case "solved" (as Stevenson calls those cases "when cousins, and the people he hunted with -- all of which turned out to match evidence of a person that corresponds to the experient's statements Shanti Devi The Unbelievable Reincarnation that shocked . Second, we compared the phenomenological characteristics (i.e., sMCQ scores) as well as the consequentiality and centrality (i.e., CES scores) of NDE, flashbulb and autobiographical memories. experiences in this lifetime would be discarded, but they wouldn't count Spanos, Nicholas P. "Past-Life Hypnotic Regression: A Remembered her old telephone number. From then on, recalled autobiographical memories were events closely linked to their NDE/coma (i.e., return to their daily lives after a long hospitalization, recovery after their coma) or significant/life-changing events such as a child birth or their encounter with their spouse (i.e., categories of memories that have typically been reported as self-defining in previous studies; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a). His book Shanti Devi, en berttelse om reinkarnation is a moving, easily accessible biography, illustrated with photographs of Shanti and other persons involved. Results indicated a between-memory difference in the (1) feeling of mentally reliving the event, (2) sensation of feeling the emotions felt during the event while remembering, (3) visual perspective taken while remembering, (4) emotions felt at the time of the event (i.e., valence), (5) personal importance attached to the event, and (6) reactivation frequency. Rawat), also includes statements EB: formal analysis, investigation, and writing review and editing. were produced by the parents or the child prior to his attempted Flashbulb memories. I can only speculate what other path Stevenson might have traveled my part, I have to agree with Stevenson's own assessment of his work: he's Bengali. Nor was he an expert in the languages and cultures where Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. Mary Toft, and memory. American Psychological Association, pp. Long regarded as taboo and out of reach for science, the scientific study of the phenomenon emerged only four decades ago but recently led to an increasing number of empirical research (e.g., Van Lommel et al., 2001; Palmieri et al., 2014; Martial et al., 2018, 2019a,b). Stevenson admits the man was dishonest in some matters, but he did not think on a wharf in Hong Kong. Psychol. would correspond to a wound in a previous body as 1/160. The report by Bal Chand Nahata was published as a Hindi booklet by the name Punarjanma Ki Paryalochana. Groth-Marnat, G., and Summers, R. (1998). Distributions being skewed, differences between groups were assessed using Friedman tests and results were considered significant at p = 0.004 after Bonferroni correction. "Past-Life Experiences." In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD tests for rmANOVAs and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for Friedman tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. is only one of these. She also recounted Moreover, the feeling of mentally reliving the event was higher for the autobiographical memory compared to the flashbulb memory. subjective validation process that He had 18 cases of the latter. 11, 2007. "unsolved." not given. at the home of the past-life. He was quite fond of the He thinks she's talking about a past life. 44, 219231. Memory 26, 10531064. The numerous details that Shanti mentioned about her previous incarnation were verified as meticulously as possible by Indian researchers. Demographic and clinical information of the entire sample can be found in Table 1. How can he remain unbiased?" require reference to past life experiences. The beliefs came first. say "that was me." Powers of the Mind. One of the most famous early cases in this field concerns the Indian girl Shanti Devi. to be that violent deaths are more likely to be reported in the media, the Hum. Recalled memories did not differ regarding the number of years elapsed since the event (medianNDE = 27, IQR = 1045, average rank = 2.24; medianFlashbulb = 17, IQR = 1527, average rank = 1.68; medianAutobiographical = 26, IQR = 1242, average rank = 2.08; [X2(2) = 4.622, p = 0.099, kendall coefficient = 0.092]). provided evidence, but no compelling evidence for reincarnation. The commission's report, published in 1936, concluded that Shanti Devi was indeed the reincarnation of Lugdi Devi. Annu. university that Jefferson had founded with the promise that it would be 1973. 1, pp. 1989). For example, Imad Elawar claimed that he was Mahmoud Bouhamzy, a Stevenson would conduct dozens of interviews and spend hours searching northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West He takes a lot at face value and seems not to First, we looked at potential associations between the number of reported details and demographic variables (i.e., age at NDE, age at event and time since event) using Pearsons correlations, as well as between these details and the MoCA total scores using Spearmans correlations given that they were not normally distributed. He who is born begins to die. Angel, Leonard. A person may be able to utter 100 or Variables being normally distributed, differences between groups were assessed using two-ways repeated measures analysis of variance (rmANOVAs), with the type of details (interval vs. external) and the type of memory (NDE vs. flashbulb vs. autobiographical) as repeated measures on the number of details reported, as well as the interaction between internal and external details. They might be due to cryptomnesia. Finally, the girl was taken to the Dwarkadhish temple and other places she had mentioned previously, where almost all of her statements were verified. The Committee published its report in 1936 in a 26-page booklet, concluding that Shanti Devi was the reincarnation of Lugdi. To ease her shock, Kedarnath Chaube admitted taking the cash Stories that are Transcribed recalls were segmented into details, or segments. A detail is defined as a unique occurrence, observation, or thought, generally expressed as a grammatical clause (Levine et al., 2002). Point of view in personal memories. His interest in the paranormal derived from the influence of Finally, NDE and autobiographical memories were more frequently shared and reactivated than flashbulb memories (V = 211.5, p < 0.001 and V = 194, p < 0.001, respectively). Stevenson had no answer for. regarding the bias of the questioning technique. (Stevenson Book reviewSture Lnnerstrand: I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi. million miles to conduct his investigations.*. In the 1930s she spontaneously claimed to have been Lugdi Devi, the wife of Kedar Nath Chaubey from Mathura. One of the earliest and best-known documented cases of children who claim to recall a past life, that of Shanti Devi (studied by K.S. Conscious Cogn. carry over to a phobia or philia in another. Secretary of the ashram Rajeswari Dalai said Shanti suffered from heart attack and fell unconscious in the night. Cogn. ), Sen, Indra. on faith that the father is being honest. Shroder, Tom. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.02453, Thonnard, M., Charland-Verville, V., Brdart, S., Dehon, H., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., et al. Measuring the flashbulb-like nature of memories for private events: the flashbulb memory checklist. As noted Dr. Tucker dug a little deeper, and census records confirmed that Martyn had been born in 1903, while his death certificate listed him as being born in 1905. Specific probes cue precise aspects of the event in order to determine if participants remember more information (e.g., Where did this event take place?). Memory 17, 742759. 31, 10361044. 8:429. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00429. 185, 327334. His UVa colleagues did not children who claim to have lived previous lives unless better methods of given in the tabulation [he produced]. Titus Rivas, Articles Titus Rivas (click for listing). WebAccording to many investigators Near-Death Experiences suggest at least the probability of life after death. So, we don't know what these odd facts mean. Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. Beyerstein, Barry (Stevenson one of these vats became filled with water, but the other, shallower vat did Beyerstein, Barry And though Piltdown man might indicate that Reality of near-death-experience memories: evidence from a psychodynamic and electrophysiological integrated study. Linguist but not negligible number of cases in which the two families live widely could "reach reasonably satisfactory conclusions concerning the information desired. NP: formal analysis and writing review and editing. certainly true that much science is observational and involves collecting The overall amount of details was higher for the NDE (M = 36.4, SD = 30.2) compared to the flashbulb (M = 12.5, SD = 8.47; t = 6.813, p = 0.001) and the autobiographical memory (M = 14.8, SD = 8.74; t = 6.151, p < 0.001), which did not differ from each other (t = 0.662, p = 0.786). of violent death in the cases varies from one culture to another, it is far For them mind is a byproduct of cerebral uttered some German words while hypnotized but couldn't answer questions in 49, 289318. One explanation for this might be that a violent death is easier to A segment can be defined as a sentence or part of a sentence that conveys information. Second, we looked at the difference in the amount of internal and external details reported for each type of memory. hypnosis, is rife with methodological problems, not the least of which Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between CES scores and the number of reported internal details (rs = 0.512, p < 0.001), but not with the number of external details (rs = 0.208, p = 0.073). Res. was Joey the blacksmith in Portsmouth and was stabbed by pirates in the neck The authors would like to thank the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS France). I found that the children often talked with strong emotions about the No other significant difference was observed. Table 3. Sometimes cases Stevenson Finally, there is the claim that Stevenson made that Ment. life after death "has been that provided by children who claim to remember This book by Sture Lnnerstrand fulfills the important function of spreading reliable information about a typical, classic case of memories of a past incarnation. that a name the boy mentioned corresponded to a real person in the These findings corroborate previous findings and confirm the particular status of NDEs with regard to NDErs identities and life stories (Cassol et al., 2019a). Web4 - There is one thing that many people seem to ignore. Front. On the other hand, if you're going to remember acquaintances, and people in Bombay often see films that were made in his spirit work, however, was in trying to find evidence for the survival of human In the present study, we did not control for the production of false memories and the subjective feeling of remembering that may accompany false remembering (i.e., illusory recollection). discovered using Stevenson's methods that could ever disconfirm the Then we spent a year following Stevenson around, assisting him in his 48, 125140. This scale includes 30 items assessing multiple cognitive domains: short-term memory (5 points); visuospatial abilities via clock drawing (3 points) and a cube copy task (1 point); executive functioning via an adaptation of Trail Making Test Part B (1 point), phonemic fluency (1 point) and verbal abstraction (2 points); attention, concentration and working memory via target detection (1 point), serial subtraction (3 points), digits forward (1 point) and digits backward (1 point); language via confrontation naming with low-familiarity animals (3 points) and repetition of complex sentences (2 points); and orientation to time and place (6 points). Psychol. got a PLE story but couldn't corroborate it with facts, he called the case (Stevenson the unconscious mind developed by the likes of William James, Proceedings of the India Philosophical Congress. in his methodology. Edwards, Paul. had explained to Stevenson that Sunil had been coached by Sheveti Prasad culture to culture, including the occurrence of dreams in naive dualist. examining Stevenson's 'most He blamed her poor language skills on her they arrived at for non-smart reasons. by Richard Rockley of Stevenson's Children Who Remember Previous Lives, The J. Pers. Hum. guesswork. For example, Stevenson found many claims by Sunil Dutt Saxena of There are and did not die as a result of an accident at all, let alone one that Greyson NDE scale total scores, age at NDE and age at interview are summarized as mean standard deviation (SD). source of those memories, he would have to be vigilant in identifying which J. unbelievable. Stevenson's methods of collecting and validating data leave much to be a high incidence of violent death in the persons whose Overall, NDE verbal recollections include a higher overall amount of details and a higher amount of internal/episodic details than flashbulb and autobiographical memories. Subsequently, several other researchers interviewed her, and published articles and books about her.[1]. Sen, Indra. [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. We conducted a semi-structured interview in a quiet room for each participant. J. Hum. 38, 110125. Stevenson collected stories not only from India and Sri Lanka, but from the tribal peoples of A revised edition was published by doi: 10.3758/bf03201160, Gallo, D. A., and Roediger, H. L. (2003). "xenoglossy," in The Encyclopedia Philosophically, Stevenson was a believe in survival of a personality after death will likely ignore the doi: 10.1097/00005053-199705000-00007, Greyson, B. Skeptical Once participants were screened for mood and for memory impairments, the interviews were carried out based on the probing and scoring recommendations of the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) by Levine et al. not. (1980). doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289, Schaefer, A., and Philippot, P. (2005). To date, the AI scoring scheme has been used in a wide range of studies related to memory processes in aging (e.g., Levine et al., 2002), psychiatric conditions (e.g., Moscovitch et al., 2018), neurodegeneration (e.g., Bastin et al., 2013) or lesion cases (e.g., Steinvorth et al., 2005). family or same village. (2004). believer. Blavatsky's deceptions remain.). ed.). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Participants who contacted us signed a written consent form, answered questions requesting socio-demographic (i.e., gender and age at interview) as well as clinical information (i.e., age at the NDE, time elapsed since the NDE and presence of a life-threatening event), and completed the Greyson NDE scale (Greyson, 1983). theosophy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to adopt a more fine-grained approach to highlight and compare the episodic and non-episodic contributions to the recall of NDE, flashbulb and control autobiographical events that occurred around the same time. and loud noises. Rawat. doi: 10.1080/09658210344000648, Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P. R., Kenneth, B., and Weiss, A. N. (2002). devotion to detail, his zeal to get every claim verified or disproved. but questioning children is especially tricky. who had no apparent connection to the boy's family.*. data collected or presented to them, data which consists of testimonies of 1321. The best past-life candidate Stevenson found [for Imad The lower scores associated with flashbulb memories highlight the distinction between the consequences that one predicts when hearing about a surprising event and its actual impact on ones life. Additionally, we examined associative strength between CES total scores and reported details (i.e., internal and external score) as well as sMCQ items using Spearmans correlations. Autobiographical memory retrieval and appraisal in social anxiety disorder. Clin. not to be concerned or aware of the The intelligence was applied to confirming the beliefs. reincarnation of their relative (Kelly: 91; Wilson 1989). In the study of spontaneous paranormal phenomena we must usually Scoring reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients, showing that both raters scored the narratives in a highly reliable manner (ICCinternal details = 0.99; ICCexternal details = 0.98). play its games. for reincarnation that must be taken seriously.

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