A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Objects thrown up into the air. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, Shabestari, K.T. (1997) Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: a summary of recent work. Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. Does the booklet make sense? Landslides. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity (g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of 20 cm (8 inches) per second. May feel like a heavy truck passing by. XI. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. You may be wondering how "big" is that? and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Agency, FEMA 159, April 1999, published by the National Science Total damage. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. Some dishes, windows broken. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. Small objects moved. the maps scale of 100 km = 2.1 cm on your ruler, so if you had a measured distance from one station of Copyright 2023 The Trustees of II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. Steering of automobiles affected. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Explain the different levels of the Mercalli Scale using words or pictures. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. However, according to the limitation of the political and economic situation, seismic hazard assessment and action is seemingly not recognized within the top priorities in Myanmar. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. 1 0 obj Global Significant Earthquake Database. and Worden, C.B. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. WebThe database provides information on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Intensity. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. Waves seen on ground. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? Focusing to the other region, many empirical equations have been proposed to relate the MMI with PGA (Figure 3). The database provides information Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. A significant earthquake is classified as one that meets 438483. and Sponheuer, W. (1969) Scale of seismic intensity. (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Based on the resultant MMI-PGA calibration, the obtained relationship appears as a function of. Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand. The next six strongest Chilean earthquakes would be found in the top 30 most massive earthquakes by magnitude. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. Few structures standing. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Charles Richter developed the logarithmic scale in 1935 to compare local earthquakes the ones in southern California with an epicenter of up to 370 miles (600 km) from the seismograph. Trifunac, M.D. Feel free to visit the log calculator if you feel like you could use a refresher. If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. Ft. Smith, AR: "Drinkers at the Moose Lodge complained of tainted liquor at the lodge bar, after a number of drinkers reported feeling a strong swaying sensation. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Difficult to stand. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. Sleepers awaken. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. What city is closest to your estimated epicenter for this earthquake? 36 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Science Quizzes. endobj substrate, the buildings, etc. Like passing train, Books off shelves. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. What to do during an earthquake? Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. and Papazachos, B.C. The last isoseismal map in Myanmar gathered in this study is from the Mawlaik earthquake on 21st March 1954, western Myanmar, which had a magnitude of an assumed 7.0 Richter and generated a ground shaking of VII-VIII on the MMI scale. For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". Underground pipes broken. Objects thrown up into air. Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. (2) where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s 2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. be found on pg. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. You are, in effect, creating a ShakeMap of seismic intensity for this particular earthquake. From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. Trees and poles WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Frankfort, KY: "Heavy furniture was moved around in some stores and homes, and some shops reported broken windows., 10. and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. Indicate the intensity values on the map. Thanks for your feedback! Figure 3. WebABBREVIATED MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE; REFLECTION QUESTIONS; Contributors and Attributions; Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. 4. Felt by everyone. It's actually a much broader term. WebThe U.S. employs the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale, which uses Roman numerals from I (not felt) to X (extreme). The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for ground. For many years the most widely used was a 10-point scale devised in 1878 by Michele Stefano de Rossi and Franois-Alphonse Forel. WebDownload scientific diagram | Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and PGV. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. Compared with the previously proposed MMI-PGA relationships for other regions, the standards/provisions of building construction in Myanmar is not high enough to withstand the hazards from earthquakes, particularly at higher levels of ground motion. U.S. Department of Commerce, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department The aforementioned catalog was an expansion political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). How Do Scientists Predict Tsunamis After Earthquakes? Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. Do you agree with this alignment? A modified version of his scale is still in use today. While shaking is caused Indiana University It also triggered numerous landslides, floods, and even volcanic eruptions. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. called the Moment Magnitude Scale, which measures the Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. Thanks for your feedback! Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. Some walls may fall. ", 19. In summary, the data of macroseismic intensity obtained from these 10 collected isoseismal maps have a MMI level in the range of II-IX and so cover almost all of the standard MMI levels (i.e., I-XII), to allow an investigation into the relationship between the MMI and PGA. ", 21. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Large landslides. An official website of the United States government. Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). Doors swing, open, close. Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. effects. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. IU. Little damage in specially built structures. map for the M6.0 Napa, California earthquake on Ground cracking, Most buildings destroyed. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. At each location assign Some walls collapse. The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). Theodulides, N.P. V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip.

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