Lying five miles from the New Mexico border, in the deep southeastern corner of Greenlee County, Duncan seems a world away from the wild mountains surrounding it. They named their home Duncan, after Duncan Smith, the companys managing director. It was a powerful tool for blacks to persevere and literally move forward in the face of racism. Sometimes entire counties went sundown, usually when their county seats did. His family quarried the native sandstone on their homestead land to build the filling station, which bordered their property at the intersection of Route 66 and Pottawatomie Road. Looking at the products on wide shelves feels like I stepped into one of my childhood Golden Books, one where the artist didnt want to get in trouble for using real brand names. Victor H. Green, a black postal worker from Harlem, New York, published his guide from 1936 until 1966. Duncan Valley Rural Fire District Call 911 for emergencies. He also published his findings in his book Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. "Sundown suburbs" could be even larger, such as Glendale, a suburb of Los Angeles; Levittown, on Long Island; and Warren, a Detroit suburb. But when a site is nurtured, like Cliftons, or commemorated, like the Threatt Filling Station, it can be an important connection to the past. No other road has captured the imagination and the essence of the American Dream quite like Route 66. and last updated 10:00 AM, Sep 21, 2022. Next door, a half-moon sign announces that the turquoise front surrounded by cream-colored, textured brick houses the Bank of Duncan, established in 1908. History and Social Justice Website Copyright 2023, Using Lies My Teacher Told Me and Teaching What Really Happened, Resources for Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Teachers Corner: Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Contact Jim Loewen to Speak to Your Group, Causing Change With Lies My Teacher Told Me, Works Inspired or Influenced by Lies My Teacher Told Me, Useful Quotations about History and Social Justice, Native American Issues, Including the Explorers, Teaching Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement to Modern Times: c. 1945 Now, Alphabetical Map of Sundown Towns by State, How to Research and Teach About Sundown Towns, Using Research Information to Help a Sundown Town Overcome Its Past, Loewens Work on Standardized Testing Used by Others, Embarrassing Questions about Standardized Tests. The median income for a household in the town was $27,368, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Here are our recommendations for Things To Do In Duncan Arizona; plus dining, lodging, & local history. Having moved from Las Vegas to Duncan, Hilda doesnt mention Sandra Day OConnor, the Supreme Court justice who put this town on the map by writing about growing up on her nearby ranch. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. Called "Purdy" in the Post Office register of 1883, it was founded by Messrs. Purdy and Bachelor as a way For instance, the Ku Klux Klan ran Fantastic Caverns, a popular tourist site near Springfield. Phone: (928) 359-2791, Duncan Valley Rural Fire District [12][8][9][13], The Duncan Pride Society was established on March 8, 2001. Duncan was founded in the mid 19th century, and the land was added to the United States as a part of the Mexican Cession. Duncan receded then into a quiet farming and ranching town for several decades, and its downtown slowly disintegrated. [15], An individual structure listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Benjamin F. Billingsley House listed on August 25, 1983, reference: #83002998. I talk about racism and specifically about sundown towns - racism in Tempe/Scottsdale Arizona. The Mormon Battalion was among the troops which entered the area. TEMPE, AZ The city of Tempe has declared June 19 a city holiday in honor of Juneteenth . Arizona north of the Gila River was taken by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the war. Everyone here is good neighbors, customers and when I go home, I rest so good, she almost sings. The town of Duncan was actually established in 1883 with the coming of the railroad, but the early settlement here was started in the 1870s along the Gila River on an important stage & freight route. In response, Victor H. Green, a postal worker from Harlem, compiled the Negro Motorist Green Book, a guide to accommodations that served Black travelers. Peoples of the Upper Gila River from Pre-History to the Present. Duncan is located in southern Greenlee County at 324333N 109552W / 32.72583N 109.09778W / 32.72583; -109.09778 (32.725828, -109.097686). , Coronado Trail National Scenic Byway. During a typical year 131.6 nights will fall below 32F (0C), but only 7.8 days fail to top 50F (10C), and there are only seven occurrences of nights falling to 0F (17.8C) or lower, notably on December 24, 1953, and January 11, 1962, when the record low of 2F (18.9C) was set. [5] Snowfall is most unusual, with the median being zero and the mean only 0.5 inches (0.013m). Other towns passed ordi-nances in Arizona, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, Maryland and probably many other states. ullstein bild/Getty Images The Chicago suburb of Cicero was one of the most infamous sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois. The sundown town practices existed in Glendale until the 1990s, according to Peterson. In Nevada, Sundown Town History Has Cultural Impacts For Washoe Tribal Members. Also included are photographs of the antique town clock and the 1950 Chevrolet 6400 2-ton fire truck once used in Duncan. The Anasazi are considered by historians to have been an advanced ancient native-American civilization. The society's vision statement is the following: "PRIDE is committed to work with our town government, community leaders and all area residents to preserve and enhance our town's overall image and historic value". Glendale has become the first city in California and the third in the nation to pass a resolution apologizing for its history as a . How to start ultralight backpacking frugally? EASTERN ARIZONA The town limits are on both sides of the Gila, but the primary portion of the town and the entire downtown area lie on the south side of the river. James Duncan Smith became the managing director of the Arizona Copper Company, and, after Purdy was moved to the south bank of the river, it was renamed Duncan. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. High Desert RV Park, High Street, 928-359-3030 Nine Rail RV Camp, Highway 75, 928-359-9107 Stephens RV Park, Madison Street off Highway 70, 928-359-2113. Compton was also very rural at this time. Jim McPherson, Arizona Preservation Foundation board president, has stated the following: It is crucial that residents, private interests, and government officials act now to save these elements of our cultural heritage before it is too late. into the 1960s, when the new Interstate 10 to the south diverted commercial traffic, contributing to a rising trucking industry. By 1962, the Green Book reached a circulation of 2 million people. Roper Lake State Park is located 6 miles south of Safford in Graham County in southeast Arizona and sits at the base of Mt. Sadly, today theres no physical evidence that Murrays Dude Ranch ever existed. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. But, after a young black man was wrongfully accused of assaulting a white woman, an angry lynch mob broke out. With more hope than resources, Dust Bowl migrants and others escaping poverty caused by the Great Depression could motor west on Route 66 in search of a better life. DUNCAN, Ariz. - Evacuations are underway in a town in eastern Arizona after heavy rain flooded a river. One in Alix, Arkansas, in the 1930s, for instance, read, N-r, Dont Let the Sun Go Down On You In Alix. Others stated, Whites Only After Dark. Many sundown towns used discriminatory housing covenants to ensure no non-white person would be allowed to purchase or rent a home. Phone: (928) 359-2791, Duncan Valley Rural Fire District document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site was created by Matt Cheney, revised by OddBird, copyrighted by James W. Loewen and heirs (Nick Loewen), and is maintained by Phil Huckelberry and Stephen Berrey. 506 SE Old West Hwy The idea behind the Mother Road was to connect urban and rural America from Chicago all the way to Los Angeles, crossing eight states and three time zones. Not only were they shut out of pools and beaches, black Americans also couldnt eat, sleep, or even get gas at most white-owned businesses. Nature & Wildlife Areas, Scenic Walking Areas. . Its now possibly the largest and most unusual cafeteria in the worldwith five floors of history and taxidermy and a giant fake redwood tree rising up through the center. Arizona State Route 75 leads north from Duncan 28 miles (45km) to Clifton. Americas favorite highway usually evokes kitschy nostalgia. Location of Duncan in Greenlee County, Arizona, Last edited on 10 February 2023, at 23:59, "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Duncan town, Arizona", "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan,_Arizona&oldid=1138676476, Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 23:59. The community is home for members of both the Akimel Oodham (Pima) and the Pee-Posh (Maricopa) tribes. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Duncan has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6km2), all of it land.[2]. What makes Route 66 different is that the open-road branding associated with it celebrated a time when black Americans had to navigate racial violence and the Jim Crow policies that shut them out of businesses and recreational sites. The town of Duncan was actually established in 1883 with the coming of the railroad, but the early settlement here was started in the 1870s along the Gila River on an important stage & freight route. The site is on Gila River Indian Tribal land. One of the Green Books most unusual Route 66 sites was Murrays Dude Ranch. The visitors center not only extends the same welcome but also offers space for local entrepreneurs. Simpson Hotel. "At approximately 4:30 this morning, the water levels of the Gila River reached a point where water began to spill into portions of Duncan," the Duncan Valley Rural Fire District said. The threat of lynching was of particular concern when black people traveled through the Ozarks on Route 66. The other room of Hildas kingdom is a diner. It is part of the Safford Micropolitan Statistical Area. When the sheriff asked about the other people in the car, Rons dad pretended they werent his family. Duncan is a town in Greenlee County, Arizona, United States. First, its a quaint little town worthy of a good walkabout. Duncan High School (mascot: Wildkats; school colors: red, grey, and white) competes in many sports, but is renowned for their football team. Duncan belongs to the Gila, the storied river of the west, the ageless natural highway whose passage through the mountain and desert southwest has served humankind since prehistoric times. At that time, the town was located on the north bank of the Gila. Published Jul 25, 2022 8:52 pm Last updated Jul 25, 2022 8:52 pm. Cambridge University Press. The Simpson Hotel has a wooden toy pony in a first-floor window. Safford averages 1 inches of snow per year. Second, its on the Gila Rivers and near adjacent riparian areas for bird and wildlife observation. In 1881 . Duncan belongs to the Gila, the storied river of the west, the ageless natural highway whose passage through the mountain and desert southwest has served humankind since The most dangerous cities in Arizona include Winslow, Page, Tolleson, Tucson, and more. It was used so heavily that a 200-mile stretch of asphalt was thickened so that it could better handle military convoys. Published: Aug. 23, 2022 at 5:03 PM PDT. As the Equal Justice Initiatives Bryan Stevenson points out: Civil rights in America is too often seen as a three-day carnival: On day one, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus. Long-held jealousies over black prosperity and Greenwoods wealth ignited a riot. Copyright 2023 Arizona Department of Transportation, State of Arizona. She had no answer, or maybe she just didnt know how to explain institutional racism to a 7-year-old. If you need to book a flight, search for the nearest airport to Duncan, SC. 31.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. At that time, American soldiers fought for human rights overseas, but the troops were still segregated at home. With the rail, settlement of the fertile, easily irrigated valley boomed. There were 294 households, out of which 42.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. The lynching of two Black teenagers in Marion, Indiana, in 1930, for instance, resulted in the towns 200 Black residents moving away never to return. On day two, Martin Luther King led a march on Washington. Even Coca-Cola machines had White Customers Only printed on them. Read our Review here. (Although, the motor lodge did have a brief gig as the setting for a scene in Breaking Bad.) Duncan is a town in Greenlee County, Arizona, United States. It doesnt. When I talk to people about the full history of Route 66 and the Green Book, they say, Thank God we dont need that anymore. But while black people may not have to worry about KKK cross burnings at tourist sites, they still have to worry about being shot by the police. ranching town for several decades, and its downtown slowly disintegrated. A growing community, with old generations and new ones coming together, Budgets, Annual Financial Statements and Independent Auditors Report, Residential/Business Water and Sewer Service, Irrigation, Livestock and Construction Water. Terrorism is not new, and to think so is a grievous slight to the nations native peoples, to its multitudes of immigrants, and to its legions of black Americansall of whom have long been terrorized for calling America home. During the Red Summer of 1919, white mobs repeatedly targeted Black World War I veterans and servicemen. It will guide you to more than 50 points of historical interest.The Visitor Center shares space with an interesting little shop called Country Chic Art Gallery & Crafts Boutique at 205 SE Old West Highway: 928-359-1955. (1911). Citrus Trees: All Citrus Ive been questioning the existence of racial equality ever since. Mission Garden: Friends of Tucson's Birthplace, 2010 - 2023 Southern Arizona Guide, LLC, Teenagers: Things to do in Tucson with Older Kids, Bird Walks at the Sierra Vista Environmental Operations Park, Inspired by Plants: The Art and Science of the Campus Arboretum Florilegium, Guided Bird Walk at Patagonia Lake State Park, Cultivating Colors Colored Pencil Society, Pueblos de Maz Processing corn through nixtamalization, Childrens Museum Oro Valley at Tohono Chul Park, Gaslight Music Hall Summer Theatre Kids Camp, Artful Gardens: Tucson Park Exhibits & Garden Art. But, yes Prescott area is one of the whitest areas in this state. Laws and policies that enforced racial exclusion have largely disappeared, but de facto sundown towns existed into the 1980s, and some may still be in evidence today. The images on this website are copyrighted. There are primarily three reasons to visit Duncan. It serves as an excellent base from which to explore the surrounding countryside for several days. This practice started in the late 19th century, but the impact continues today. In 1930, the black columnist George Schuyler wrote, Blacks who drove expensive cars offended white sensibilities, and some black people kept to older models so as not to give the dangerous impression of being above themselves., In the 1950s, my stepfather, Ron, experienced this firsthand as a child. It was not uncommon for Black motorists passing through these communities to be followed by police or local residents to the city limits. So he never turned away any customerseven those who couldnt afford to pay. I only learned about the Green Book after being commissioned to write a Moon Series travel guide on Route 66. Don't Know Unions, Organized Labor? Lying five miles from the New Mexico border, in the deep southeastern corner of Greenlee County, Duncan seems a world away from the wild mountains surrounding it. 928-381-1881. Cotton is the principal agricultural commodity. The society has taken it upon themselves the task of restoring many of them. [1][2][4][8][9], In 1845, Mexico severed its relations with the United States because of the annexation of Texas by the United States. Other spots in Illinois with reputations as sundown towns or of racial . In his book, Loewen profiles three Indiana towns; Elwood, Huntington and Martinsville. It is located behind the town's fire department and across the street from Minden Park. The Arizona Good Roads Association, in its 1913 Illustrated Road Maps and Tour Book, described Duncan thusly: Surrounded by scenic mountains and historic mining sites, Duncans local businesses welcome visitors. Soon Duncan was shipping far beyond the Southwest, to markets north and east. For decades, school children in Arizona have been taught the five Cs: Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, and Climate. Click HERE to see the substantial variety of birds that have been sighted in or near Duncan recently. Havent tried the lasagna yet. Cliff dwellers, conquistadors, Apache warriors, mountain men, westering immigrants each in their time has traveled its banks. [7], The territory that includes present-day New Mexico and Arizona was designated as "New Mexico. Called Purdy in the Post Office register of 1883, it was founded by Messrs. Purdy and Bachelor as a way station on an ore haulage line that linked the railhead in Clifton with Silver City, New Mexico. To accommodate the new Arizona and New Mexico Railroad, the people of Purdy moved their settlement to the south bank of the river and renamed it Duncan, after Duncan Smith, the managing director of the Arizona Copper Company. As a professional camping teacher I can tell you a lot of important things you should know for your nextcamping trip. NOW WE CAN TRAVEL WITHOUT EMBARRASSMENT.. It WAS a Sundown town based on the criteria listed. In the town, the population was spread out, with 35.2% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. How do I convince my parents that I dont want to go camping? Esso Gas Stations (Standard Oil, which operates as Exxon today) sold the Green Book and hired two black marketing executives, James A. Jackson and Wendell P. Allston, to promote and distribute it. But it was also the home of U.S. Sen. Everett Dirksen, whose support helped ensure the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. As we head back up the street on the other side, a thick berm of trees with cropland stretching away evokes the idea that children in T-shirts will play actual outside games when school ends for the day. No franchises. Gila River Indian Reservation was established in 1859, and the Gila River Indian Community formally established by Congress in 1939. For black Americans who hit the road with a copy of the Green Book, a guide expressly created to keep them safe in a wildly perilous landscape, they surely already understood that the hopeful Mark Twain quote gracing almost every Green Book coverTravel is fatal to prejudicewas purely aspirational. Since the 1970s, the black male prison population has skyrocketed by 700 percent, and Justice Department data now predicts that one in three black male babies born in America will be incarcerated in their lifetimes. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.33. At that time, the town was located on the north bank of the Gila. He found them outside Los Angeles, in midwestern farming villages . According to AP News, these towns are inhabited by a majority of white people who insist that "Black and white residents get along really well." Take, for example, one violent night in 1906 in Springfield, Missouri, which would soon become the birthplace of Route 66; though the road starts out in Chicago, the route was officially designated as 66 in Springfield. Either way, it was painfully obvious to me that there was a problem. That means places such as the Threatt Filling Station, a one-story sandstone bungalow with a slightly pitched and gabled roof, wide eaves, and a wooden door. All Rights Reserved. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 35F to 101F and is rarely below 26F or above 107F. Duncan, Arizona 85534, Hours: James Loewen, a historian who spent years studying sundown towns, found them in the suburbs of Detroit, New York City and Chicago. JAVASCRIPT IS DISABLED. The state also boasts a growing nut and date crop industry. Of course Route 66 wasnt any more racist than any other road in America at the time. The earliest record of legal restrictions on the nighttime activities of Black people dates back to the 1714 . And on day three, we passed the Civil Rights Act and changed all the laws. Problem solved. For Arizona Route 66 towns and cities, Kingman first appears in the Green Book in 1956, and three places in Flagstaff appear in the 1957 edition: The Park Plaza Motel, the Nackard Inn and El Rancho Motel- which populate the Green Book to the end of its production run. In April the average diurnal range is as high as 43.7F (24.3C) and it is only less than 36F (20C) in the often stormy months of July and August when over a third of the year's total rainfall can be expected. You can get a self-guided walking tour map at the Duncan Visitor Center on the main highway through town. The American ideals associated with Route 66, then and now, have usurped the narrative, erasing the more harrowing aspects of the nations past. One Green Book business that did survive over the decades is Cliftons, a quirky Depression-era cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles at the corner of 7th Street and South Broadwaythe original terminus of Route 66. What is the best battery pack for camping? 928-381-1881 As stated earlier, a sundown town (also known as a gray town) is an area in the U.S. where Black people are essentially forced out of the public once the sun goes down. The Spanish-Pueblo Revival style of the building features a conference room with seven 20-foot murals painted by a Zuni artist. The colorful historic sites of Route 66 have been mostly lost to time and neglect. In the late 19th century, Chinese miners lived in the Dostal Alley section of Central City in Gilpin County, Colorado. Black veterans were once blocked from taking advantage of the GI Bill, missing out on valuable educational resources. And after discovering the Green Book, I was never able to look at Americas favorite highway the same way againthe way those other tour guides seem to. It was promoted by word of mouth, and a national network of postal workers led by Green sought out advertisers. From hot springs to sand dunes to rock fields, Safford brings together many features that make Arizona famous in one place, creating the perfect family vacation destination. Lonesome Dove Mercantile - built in 1860 and located in 404 North Ave. Saint Mary's Catholic Church - built in 1936 and located in 111 3rd Street. "All white" is in quotes because some towns allowed one black family to remain when they drove out the rest. In 1930, 44 out of the 89 counties that lined Route 66 were all-white communities known as "sundown towns"places that banned black people from entering city limits after dark. Duncan is a small farming town 5 miles west of the New Mexico border on Hwy 70 (Old West Highway). Today, politicians and television anchors speak of terrorism as though it is a new phenomenon to the United States. The rise of sundown towns made it difficult and dangerous for Blacks to travel long distances by car. Researched, written and directed by esteemed Oklahoma storyteller DWe William s, the new play about a family's sundown town experience will debut at 8 p.m. Thursday-Saturday, June 9-11, at the Studio of the Sooner Theatre in downtown Norman. Simpson Hotel (former Hotel Hobbs) - 1914, River Front Lounge (former Bonnie Heather Bar/Pool Hall) - 1925, Old Duncan Bus Station now Hotel Duncan - 1920. His father had a good job with the railroad and owned a nice car. Even once black travelers reached a multiracial city, such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, only 6 percent of the more than 100 motels along Albuquerques slice of Route 66 admitted them. You might get some looks, but Arizona is probably the most laid back state, so it's not prudent to be rude to people out here based on color. Surrounding smaller towns such as Franklin and York in Arizona and Virden, New Mexico, use Duncan public works and public schools. He said the woman sitting next to him (his wife) was his employers maid, and he was taking her and her son (Ron) home. One of the finest B&Bs in all of Southern Arizona. Budgets, Annual Financial Statements and Independent Auditors Report, Residential/Business Water and Sewer Service, Irrigation, Livestock and Construction Water. Cattle and calves and dairy are leading Arizona ag products, with cotton, lettuce and hay positioned as top-produced crops. Horses and cattle were owned by a lot of people in Compton. the river and renamed it "Duncan", after Duncan Smith, the managing director of the Arizona Copper Company. Please enable JavaScript on your browser to best view this site. The town of Duncan in southeastern Arizona is under "mass evacuation" after the Gila River overflowed on Monday, reaching a "major flood stage" which . In 1978, at the age of 7, I was riding in the car with my mother in Houston, Texas, when I saw a prison chain gang; shackled men were working in a sugarcane field. After 16 hours, at least 300 people had died, 35 blocks of the Greenwood District had burned to the ground, and more than 10,000 black residents had been left homeless. Duncan - History and Social Justice Home Arizona Duncan James W. Loewen (1942-2021) We mourn the loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the work he began. Non-whites were prohibited from being . That said, there are places like Vidor Texas that still are, if unofficially. But Americans should not be so quick to pat themselves on the backs just because, nowadays, black people can drive U.S. highways mostly without incident. Can you ride in a travel trailer in california? In May 2022, an image went viral that supposedly showed a sign in a modern-day "sundown town" that read "whites only within city limits after dark." While the assertion that sundown towns still . Sept. 27, 2020. Ha, there's no Sundown Towns her in AZ. African Americans who lingered in sundown towns even during the daytime experienced harassment, threats, arrest, and beatings. Pistachio trees have a small presence in the Grand Canyon State, but the pecan business is developing quickly. Required fields are marked *. Later, Arizona Copper Co. money built a narrow-gauge railway from Clifton all the way to Lordsburg, New Mexico, and a grateful population moved from the northern bank of the river to the southern bank to accommodate the new railway. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. Graham. There were 384 housing units at an average density of 150.2/sqmi (58.0/km2). 506 SE Old West Hwy Still, the property sat empty for more than a decade after that purchase. Conflicts between the Apaches and the advancing Anglo settlers resulted in a war known as the Apache Wars. [4] U.S. Route 70 passes through downtown, leading west 39 miles (63km) to Safford, Arizona, and southeast 35 miles (56km) to Lordsburg, New Mexico, and Interstate 10. Half is a store with peachy-rose walls and wood floors full of integrity. But though that message went out to all Americans, it was really meant only for white Americans. A white mob set the neighborhood on fire. During a grisly lynching on Easter weekend, a vigilante white mob dragged Horace Duncan and Fred Coker to the town square, hanged them, burned their bodies while thousands watched, and then distributed their body parts among the crowd as keepsakes. [2] In 2018 the estimated population was 789.[3]. During World War II, Route 66 played a major role in military efforts, becoming a primary route for shuttling military supplies across the country. Leafy greens, cabbage, dates, melons, lemons, oranges, apples, potatoes and tomatoes are just some foods harvested from Arizonas nourishing soil. Scottish investors financed the building of a narrow gauge railway from Clifton to Lordsburg, New Mexico. The public schools in Safford are above average. The term meant that if you were not white you had to be out of the town by nightfall or suffer the consequences. "Mass evacuations" were . His Green Book featured barbershops, beauty salons, tailors, department stores, taverns, gas stations, garages, and even real-estate offices that were willing to serve black people. Wildlife viewing is good year-round but birding is best during the spring and fall migrations or the summer nesting season.

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